Table Of ContentCanineS
CanineS
The Original BiOsensOrs
edited by
lauryn e. Degreeff
Craig a. schultz
Published by
Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Level 34, Centennial Tower
3 Temasek Avenue
Singapore 039190
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.jennystanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Canines: The Original Biosensors
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
Copyright © 2022 by Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through
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USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-4968-04-1 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-003-26113-1 (eBook)
Dedication
This book is dedicated to FBI Supervisory Special Agent, Rex Stockham,
for whom we cannot express enough gratitude for his guidance
and experience. Rex was never afraid to ask a question, challenge
an assumption, seek out an answer, apply a new type of learning
technology, or set a new standard with forensic canines. His influence
continues to drive research and raise the bar in an industry that is
hungry for knowledge and for those who seek out innovative ways to
utilize canines for detection, and it will continue to do so for many
years to come.
Contents
Foreword
Preface
xv
Sectio n 1: A Dog’s World: Chemical Sensing through Olfactixovni i
1. Introduction: Canine, the Original Biosensor 3
Lauryn E. DeGreeff
1.1 Chemical Sensing through Olfaction 3
2. 1Co.2m parUinngd tehres tOalnfadcitnogr yth Cea Cpaanbiilnitei eBsi oosf eDnosgosr with
14
Machines Designed to Detect Odors 21
Kenneth G. Furton and David Winialski
2.1 Introduction
21
2.2 Terminology
23
2.3 Application of Common Criteria to Compare
Dog Olfactory Abilities with Orthogonal
Detectors 24
2.4 Summary of Comparisons between Dogs and
Machines Designed to Detect Odors 45
2.5 Developing Standards for Detector Dogs and
Electronic Odor Detection Devices 53
3. 2Se.6n sitivSituym anmda Srye lectivity in Canine Detectors 5653
Lauryn E. DeGreeff, Melissa Singletary, and
Lucia Lazarowski
3.1 Definitions 64
4. 3Ch.2e micaSle Innsfoitrimviatyti on in Olfactory and Sensor
67
Array Systems 107
Kevin J. Johnson and Adam C. Knapp
4.1 Introduction 108
viii Contents
4.2 Fundamentals of Chemical Measurement 110
4.3 Relating Sensor Array Response to Chemical
Information 122
4.4 Implicatio ns for Real-World Chemical
Sensing and Olfaction 132
5. 4In.5se ct OSlfuamctmioanr iyn Chemical Sensing 113591
Debajit Saha
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Promise of the Insect Brain 153
5.3 Neural Mechanisms o f Chemical Detection 155
5.4 General Rules of Chemical Sensing Derived
from Ins ect Olfaction 165
5.5 Employing B iological Systems for Chemical
Sensing 167
Sectio5n.6 2: UCnodnecrlsutsainodn ing the Canine Biosensor: Fundament1a6ls9
6. Neurobiological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Bases of
Canine Olfactory Capabilities in Detection 181
Melissa Singletary and Lucia Lazarowski
6.1 Introduction
181
6.2 Olfactory System Structure and Function 182
6.3 Cognitive and Behavioral Processes in
Olfactory Detection 189
7. 6U.n4d erstCaonndcinlugs tihoen sD ynamics of Odor to Aid in Odor
207
Detection 217
Lauryn E. DeGreeff and Michele Maughan
7.1 Introductio n 217
7.2 How Much Odor? Factors That Affect Odor
Availability 220
7.3 Where Is the Odor? Odor Plumes and Other
Factors That Affect Odor Location 226
7.4 What Is th e Odor? Factors That Affect Odor
Quality 243
7.5 Summary 262
Contents ix
8. Towards the Development of a Human Scent Model 275
Brian Eckenrode, Paige Riley, Allyson Dailey,
and Robin Couch
8.1 Background 275
8.2 Canines as Human Scent Detectors
277
8.3 Human Skin and the Basics 278
8.4 A Permeative and Aerosolized Corneocyte
Model 285
9. 8H.o5w SciFeinncael STuhpopuogrhtst sa nd Law Influences Forensic 304
Canine Utilization in the United States: Considerations
for Human Scent Evidence (Trailing) and Human
Remains Detection Canines 317
Craig Schultz, Jan J. Topoleski, Brian Eckenrode,
Christopher Tipple, Wynn G. Warren, and Mark Rispoli
9.1 Defining “Forensic” 318
9.2 How Science Supports Forensic Canin
e
Utilization 321
9.3 How Law Influences Forensic Canine
Utilization 326
9.4 Authority to Search 337
9.5 Canine Evidence Admissibility 342
9.6 Testimony Standards for Canine Evidence 350
9.7 Witness Requirements 357
9.8 The Can i ne as a Sensor 360
9.9 Conclusion: Integration of Science, Law, and
SCeacntiinoens 3: Fostering an Effective Sensor: 372
Training and Evaluation
10. Training the Sensor: Impacts of Learning on Canine
Detection and Performance 381
Edgar O. Aviles-Rosa, Mallory T. DeChant,
and Nathaniel J. Hall
10.1 The Dog Is a Smart Sensor 381
10.2 Learning to Smell 385
10.3 Concluding Remarks 399
