Cancellous bone : mechanical characterization and finite element simulation

78 Pages·2018·2.214 MB·English

by  Al-Fatihhi bin Mohd Szali Januddi, Mohd, Muhamad Noor Harun, , Öchsner, Andreas, Syahrom, Ardiyansyah

Advanced Structured Materials
Ardiyansyah Syahrom
Mohd Al-Fatihhi bin Mohd Szali Januddi
Muhamad Noor Harun
Andreas Öchsner
Cancellous
Bone
Mechanical Characterization and Finite
Element Simulation
Advanced Structured Materials
Volume 82
Series editors
Andreas Öchsner, Southport Queensland, Australia
Lucas F.M. da Silva, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach, Magdeburg, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611
Ardiyansyah Syahrom
(cid:129)
Mohd Al-Fatihhi bin Mohd Szali Januddi
Ö
Muhamad Noor Harun Andreas chsner
(cid:129)
Cancellous Bone
Mechanical Characterization and Finite
Element Simulation
123
Ardiyansyah Syahrom MuhamadNoor Harun
Sports Innovation andTechnology Centre Sports Innovation andTechnology Centre
(SITC),Institute Human Centred (SITC),Institute Human Centred
Engineering(IHCE) Engineering(IHCE)
Universiti TeknologiMalaysia Universiti TeknologiMalaysia
Johor Johor
Malaysia Malaysia
MohdAl-Fatihhi bin MohdSzali Januddi Andreas Öchsner
MalaysianInstituteofIndustrialTechnology Schoolof Engineering
(MITEC) GriffithUniversity, Gold CoastCampus
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Southport Queensland, QLD
Johor Australia
Malaysia
ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)
AdvancedStructured Materials
ISBN978-981-10-5471-6 ISBN978-981-10-5472-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5472-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017947863
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018
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Acknowledgements
ThisworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthefinancialsupportofUniversiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) through
research grant award. I am especially indebted to Prof. Dato’. Ir. Dr. Mohammed
Rafiq bin Dato’ Abdul Kadir, Dean of Faculty of Bioscience and Medical
Engineering (FBME), who have been supportive of my career goals and who
worked actively to provide me with the protected academic time to pursue those
goals.Asmysupervisorandmentor,healsohastaughtmemorethan Icouldever
give him credit for here. He has shown me, by his example, what a good scientist
(and person) should be.
I am also grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work
during this and other related projects. Each of the members of my research project
has provided me extensive personal and professional guidance and taught me a
great deal about both scientific research and life in general.
Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project than the
membersofmyfamily.Iwouldliketothankmyparents,whoseloveandguidance
arewithmeinwhateverIpursue.Mostimportantly,Iwishtothankmylovingand
supportive wife, Dr. Harisaweni, and my three wonderful children, Naaila Salwa
Ardiyansyah,DanisAl-RafieArdiyansyahandSalmanAl-RafieArdiyansyah,who
provide unending inspiration.
v
Contents
1 Introduction.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.1 The Human Skeleton System .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 2
1.2 Types of Bone .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3
1.3 Bone Development and Remodeling... .... .... .... ..... .... 4
1.4 The Effects of Mechanical Usage. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 5
2 Cancellous Bone .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 7
2.1 Physiology . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 7
2.2 Material Properties ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9
2.3 Bone Disease ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 11
2.4 Osteoporosis.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 12
2.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 15
2.6 Paget’s Disease.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 15
2.7 Mechanical Properties of Cancellous Bone.. .... .... ..... .... 15
3 Monotonic Behavior of Cancellous Bone.. .... .... .... ..... .... 21
3.1 Compressive Properties of Cancellous Bone. .... .... ..... .... 21
3.2 Tensile Properties.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 26
3.3 Torsion and Shear Properties .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 27
3.4 Biaxial and Multiaxial ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 29
4 Time- and Cycle-Dependent Mechanical Behavior
of Cancellous Bone .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 35
4.1 Dynamic Properties .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 35
4.2 Creep Properties. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 35
4.3 Fatigue Properties.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 36
vii
viii Contents
5 3D Modeling of Cancellous Bone.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 43
5.1 Modeling of Cancellous Bone ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 43
5.2 Mechanics.. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 46
5.3 Fluid and Permeability ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 55
6 Conclusions .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 57
References.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 59
Chapter 1
Introduction
Bonetissuescomposeoforganicmatrix,inorganicminerals,cells,andwater[1–5].
65%ofboneconsistsofminerals[mainlyhydroxyapatite,Ca (PO ) (OH) ]which
10 4 6 2
is usually described to have crystal-like structure in between collagen fibers. The
remainder is composed of organic matrix (90% collagen), cells, and water.
Bone is formed by hardening of the matrix entrapping osteoblasts which then
becomeosteocytes[1].Bonegenerallyservestosupporttheinternalbodystructure
system for vertebrates. The ability of bone to resist load is maintained through the
remodelingprocesswhichdependsonthemetabolismandphysicalactivitiesofthe
individuals [6–9]. Bone adapts to external mechanical loading from physical
activitiesinordertooptimizeitsmicroarchitecture.Theabilityofbonetocarryload
of bone depends on the applied load and structural properties. The strength and
fracture risk of the bone depended on the age [8, 10–13], architecture [14], mass
[6–8, 10, 15, 16], and tissue properties [17].
The human skeleton system maintains the shape of the body, protects soft tis-
sues, contains bone marrow, and enables force transmission from contracting
musclestobodyparts.Thisisduetothestiffnessandhardnessofthebonematerial.
There are two types of bone, the compact cortical outer layer and the porous
cancellousinnerlayer.Ingeneral,anadulthumanbodyhas80%corticalboneand
20%cancellousbone[18,19].Themechanicalpropertiesofcorticalandcancellous
bones are different at different skeleton sites and highly dependent on the applied
external loading.
Bonemorphologyisoftendescribedbythelongbonemodels,suchashumerus,
femur,andtibiaasshowninFig. 1.1.Themodelshaveacylindricalshaftknownas
the diaphysis connected to two-rounded extremities known as the epiphyses by a
conicalregioncalledthemetaphysis.Epiphysisandmetaphysisarelargerandwider
than the diaphysis due to their functional ability to support loads from articular
cartilage [20].
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 1
A.Syahrometal.,CancellousBone,AdvancedStructuredMaterials82,
DOI10.1007/978-981-10-5472-3_1
2 1 Introduction
Fig.1.1 Schematic representation of a tibia showing the interior of long bone with detailed
structure of compact bone and cancellous bone. A portion of a long bone shaft with details of
corticalbonehistologyisalsoshown
1.1 The Human Skeleton System
In general, there are 210 bones in the human skeleton system, excluding two
sesamoid bones that lie under the head of the first metatarsal in each foot in most
people. Bones come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, and can be categorized
intofivetypes:longbonesuchasfemur,tibia,ulnaandradius;shortbonessuchas
carpalbones;flatbonessuchasskull,sternum,andscapula;irregular-shapedbones
suchasvertebraandethmoid;andsesamoidboneswhichincludeboneembeddedin
tendon. The skeleton system is a combination of bones, ligaments, muscles, car-
tilages, and soft tissues. The skeleton system plays an important role in the
movementofthehumanbody.Theligamentsactasleversineveryhumanjointthat
allow independent movement of the joints. The skeleton system also produces red
and white bloods cells through the bone marrow, stores mineral and calcium, and
provides protection of vital organs and hematopoiesis.
The skeleton system can be divided into two major parts; the axial and appen-
dicular. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones that form the axis of the body and
canbesubdividedintofivegroups;humanskull,theossiclesofthemiddleear,the
hyoid bone of the throat, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. It supports and
protects vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lung. The appendicular skeleton
composedof126bonesthatanchorthelimbstotheaxialskeletonofahumanbody.