Table Of Content1
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Brooks, Stephen, 1956–, author
Canadian democracy / Stephen Brooks. — Eighth edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–901115–5 (pbk.)
1. Canada—Politics and government—Textbooks.
2. Democracy—Canada—Textbooks. I. Title.
JL65.B76 2015 320.971 C2015-900382-2
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1 2 3 4 — 18 17 16 15
Brief Contents
Figures and Tables viii
Boxes x
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xviii
PART I Introduction 1
1 An Introduction to Political Life 2
PART II The Societal Context of Politics 31
2 Political Culture 32
3 The Social and Economic Setting 76
4 Diversity and Multiculturalism 104
5 Regionalism and Canadian Politics 130
PART III The Structures of Governance 155
6 The Constitution 156
7 Rights and Freedoms 191
8 Federalism 223
9 The Machinery of Government 262
10 The Administrative State 304
PART IV Participation in Politics 323
11 Parties and Elections 324
12 Interest Groups 372
13 The Media 404
PART V Contemporary Issues in Canadian Political Life 433
14 Language Politics 434
15 Women and Politics 462
16 Aboriginal Politics 494
17 Canada in the World 526
Glossary 556
Notes 567
Index 590
Contents
Figures and Tables viii
Boxes x
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xviii
PART I Introduction 1
1 An Introduction to Political Life 2
What Is Politics? 4 Political Fault Lines, Old and
Power 6 New 27
State and Government 8 Starting Points for Research 29
Democracy 14 Review Exercises 29
Political Identities 23
PART II The Societal Context of Politics 31
2 Political Culture 32
Ideologies, Values, and Citizen Expectations for
Institutions 33 Government 67
Explaining Ideas and Institutions 40 Starting Points for Research 75
The Political Ideas of Canadians 48 Review Exercises 75
3 The Social and Economic Setting 76
Material Well-Being 77 Independence 98
Equality 81 Starting Points for Research 102
Quality of Life 92 Review Exercises 103
4 Diversity and Multiculturalism 104
From Founding Nations to Official Recognition and the
Multiculturalism: The Changing Institutionalization of Diversity 111
Ethnic Demography of Diversity and Political
Canada 105 Representation 113
Contents v
Other Models of Integration and Starting Points for Research 129
Accommodation 115 Review Exercises 129
Immigration and Economic
Integration 124
5 Regionalism and Canadian Politics 130
The Unexpected Persistence of Cross-Border Regions 142
Regionalism 131 Regional Identities and Western
Mapping Regionalism in Alienation 146
Canada 136 Starting Points for Research 154
Canada’s Cultural Regions 139 Review Exercises 154
PART III The Structures of Governance 155
6 The Constitution 156
Constitutional Functions 158 Changing the Constitution 179
Community and Identity 160 Citizen Participation in
Canada’s Constitution 162 Constitutional Reform 184
The Charter of Rights and Starting Points for Research 190
Freedoms 165 Review Exercises 190
Parliamentary Government in
Canada 167
7 Rights and Freedoms 191
Coming to Terms: What Do Rights Life under the Charter 204
and Freedoms Mean? 194 Applying the Charter 208
On the Origins and Meanings of Has the Charter “Americanized”
Rights 198 Canadian Politics? 219
Rights and Their Protection 199 Starting Points for Research 221
The Pre-Charter Era: 1867–1981 200 Review Exercises 221
8 Federalism 223
What Is Federalism? 224 The Federal Spending Power,
The Origins, Maintenance, and National Standards, and the
Demise of Federal States 226 Social Union 256
The Origins of Canadian Current Challenges of Fiscal
Federalism 228 Federalism 260
The Federal Division of Powers 232 Starting Points for Research 261
The Courts and Federalism 233 Review Exercises 261
Evolving Federalism 240
vi Contents
9 The Machinery of Government 262
The Executive Branch 264 Appendix: How a Law Is Passed
The Legislature 281 300
The Democratic Deficit? 292 Starting Points for Research 303
The Courts 293 Review Exercises 303
10 The Administrative State 304
Professionalization of the Public The Structure of Canadian
Service 306 Bureaucracy 315
Efficiency and Accountability 308 Starting Points for Research 321
Globalization and the State 313 Review Exercises 322
PART IV Participation in Politics 323
11 Parties and Elections 324
Parties: Definition and Functions 325 Selecting Party Leaders in
The Origins and Evolution of Canada 350
Canada’s Party System 329 The Electoral System and Its
The 1993 and 1997 Elections: The End Consequences 355
of Brokerage Politics? 337 Voting Behaviour 357
The 2000 Election: Alliance Party Finances and Special
Stalled? 342 Interests 366
The 2004, 2006, and 2008 Elections: Starting Points for Research 371
A Divided Electorate 345 Review Exercises 371
The 2011 Election: A 60/40
Country? 348
12 Interest Groups 372
Charting the Territory 373 The Impact of Federalism on Interest
The Bias of the Interest Group Groups 391
System 374 Strategies for Influence 392
Analytical Perspectives on Interest Starting Points for Research 402
Groups 377 Review Exercises 403
The Ingredients of Interest Group
Success 382
13 The Media 404
“The Pictures in Our Heads” 406 The Media and Democracy 429
What Do the Media Produce? 407 Starting Points for Research 432
What Determines the Mass Media Review Exercises 432
Product? 412
Contents vii
PART V Contemporary Issues in Canadian
Political Life 433
14 Language Politics 434
The Demographics of Language A Distinct Society? 453
Politics 435 Appendix: Proposals for a Distinct
The Trajectory of Nationalism 441 Society Clause 459
The Quiet Revolution and Its Starting Points for Research 460
Legacy 443 Review Exercises 461
15 Women and Politics 462
The Social Construction of Gender Appendix 2: Selected Dates in
Differences 463 Women’s Progress towards
The Under-representation of Women Legal and Political Equality 492
in Canadian Public Life 466 Starting Points for Research 493
Women in Politics 469 Review Exercises 493
Organizing for Influence 481
Appendix 1: Selected Women’s
Organizations in Canada 491
16 Aboriginal Politics 494
Aboriginal Demographics: Who Sovereignty, Landownership, and
and How Many? 495 Aboriginal Rights: The Battle in
The Language of Aboriginal the Courts 512
Politics 496 The Institutionalization of Aboriginal
Who Is an Indian? 500 Affairs 520
The Reserve System 501 The Way Forward 522
Assimilation, Integration, Starting Points for Research 525
Self-Determination 503 Review Exercises 525
Organizing for Political Influence 508
17 Canada in the World 526
The Meaning and Consequences of Conclusion 550
Globalization for Canada 530 Appendix: Timeline of Canada in
Globalization and Canada–US the World 551
Relations 538 Starting Points for Research 555
Integration and Independence: Review Exercises 555
Finding the Right Balance 546
Glossary 556
Notes 567
Index 590
Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Support for Quebec Independence, 1978–2014 54 5.3 Provincial Treatment by Federal Government,
2.2 Individualism: A Cross-National Comparison 58 Western Provinces, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011 150
2.3 Some Dimensions of Equality in Canada and the 6.1 The Structure of Parliament in Canada 168
United States 63 6.2 The Constitutional Roots of Ministerial
2.4 Engaged Citizen Behaviour, Canada and the United Responsibility 173
States 69 8.1 Federalism throughout the World 227
2.5 Selected Measures of Social Capital in Canada, 8.2 First Ministers’ Conferences, 1906–2013 250
the US, the UK, and France 70 8.3 Federal Cash Transfers as Percentage of Provincial/
2.6 Strength of Traditional Religious Values: Canada, Territorial Government Revenues, 2012–13 253
the United States, and Selected Western European 9.1 The Formal Organization of Canadian
Countries 71 Government 263
2.7 Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World 73 9.2 Regional Representation in the 1985 Mulroney
2.8 General Political Orientation, Canada and the and 2014 Harper Governments 271
United States 74 9.3 The Annual Financial Cycle 274
3.1 Per Capita PPPs ($US) for Richest OECD Countries, 9.4 How an MP Spends the Day 292
2012 78 9.5 The Structure of Canada’s Court System 296
3.2 Median After-Tax Income by Family Type, 9.6 From Bill to Statute 302
1976–2010 82 10.1 State Spending as Share of GDP, Canada and the US,
3.3 Low-income Rates among Working Age Main Income 1950–2012 312
Recipients, Various Groups, 2010 83 11.1 The Dynamic of the 2006 Liberal Convention
3.4 The Gap between the Richest and the Poorest Vote 352
Provinces, 1954–2011 85 11.2 The Funnel of Causality Model of Voter Choice
3.5 Intergenerational Elasticity of Earnings between 361
Fathers and Sons, Selected Countries 86 11.3 Party Identification in Canada, 1965–2013 361
3.6 The Welfare Gap, 2011 96 11.4 The Changing Sources of Revenue for the Four Main
4.1 Visible Minorities in Canada and in Main Parties, before and after the 2004 Reforms, and for
Metropolitan Areas, 1991 and 2011 107 2011 368
4.2 Place of Birth of Immigrants, 1946–2011 108 12.1 Policy Community “Bubble Diagram” 383
4.3 Religious Affiliations of the Canadian Population, 13.1 TV Viewing in English Canada, 1960–2011 410
Selected Years 110 14.1 Mother Tongues of the Canadian Population,
4.4 Foreign-born Population as a Percentage of the Total 1931–2011 436
Population, G8 Countries and Australia 116 14.2 Mother Tongue and Language Spoken at Home,
4.5 Percentage of Canadians Who Believe That Too 2011 437
Many Immigrants Do Not Adopt Canadian Values, 14.3 Anglophone and Francophone Representation in the
1993–2012 120 Federal Public Service as a Whole, in the Management
4.6 Economic Integration of Immigrants 127 Category of the Public Service, and in the Canadian
5.1 Regional Perceptions of Belonging and of Shared Population, 1965–2012 451
Canadian Values 143 15.1 Gender of Candidates for the Five Main Parties in the
5.2 Cross-Border Regions 145 2011 Election 466
Contents ix
16.1 Aboriginal Identity Population as Percentage of Total 17.3 Canadian Exports of Goods and Services by Major
Population, Provinces and Territories, 2011 496 Region, 2008–12 540
17.1 Canada’s Most Positive Contribution to the World, 17.4 Canadian Imports of Goods and Services by Region,
1993–2012 528 2008–12 541
17.2 Support for Free Trade Agreements in Canada, the US,
and Mexico, 1983–2013 532
Tables
2.1 Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism: Classical 8.2 The Federal Division of Powers under the
and Contemporary Versions 43 Constitution Acts 234
2.2 Major Violent Confrontations between Natives and 8.3 Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories,
Non-Natives and/or Political Authorities 56 2005–15 254
3.1 Moving Up and Down the Income Ladder: Income 11.1 Summary of Election Results, 1940–2011 341
Mobility in Canada, 1993–7 and 2005–9 86 11.2 Three Models of Leadership Selection 354
3.2 Average Income of the Same Group of People, 1990 14.1 Percentage and Number of Those Whose Mother
and 2009 97 Tongue Is French and Whose Main Language
4.1 Percentage Who Feel That Identity Is Threatened Spoken at Home is French: Canada, Provinces,
When the Turban, Hijab, or Kippa Is Seen 110 Territories, and Canada Less Quebec,
4.2 Models of Cultural Accommodation 117 2011 438
4.3 Net Immigration and Contribution to Population 14.2 Bilingualism in Canada, 1961, 2001,
Growth, Canada, 1851–2011 125 2011 440
4.4 Share of Points Allocated by Selection Criteria and 15.1 Women’s Suffrage 472
by Immigration System 126 15.2 Attitudes towards Gender Equality, Selected
5.1 Selected Economic and Population Characteristics, Countries 488
by Province 137 17.1 An Asymmetrical Economic Relationship,
6.1 Amending the Constitution 182 2012 542
7.1 Human Rights and the Charter 196 17.2 Percentage of Comments about Canada That
8.1 Factors Contributing to the Choice of Were Positive, Neutral, and Negative, by Issue
Federalism 228 and Party, 107th–111th Congresses, 2001–10 544
x Contents
Boxes
Politics in Focus
1.1 Some Important Definitions of Politics and Power 9.1 The Governor General Urges Alberta’s Legislature to
5 Share the Wealth 267
1.2 Alternative Definitions of the State 9 9.3 Is There No Substitute for Parliament? 283
1.7 What Is a Nation? 25 9.4 Edmund Burke and the Canadian Senate 287
2.4 Centre-Left vs Centre-Right Nation 74 9.5 Casting a Spotlight on Government Mismanagement
4.3 The Bouchard-Taylor Report and Its Political 288
Reception 123 9.6 Parliament: An MP’s View 294
5.2 The West as Canada’s Internal Colony 148 11.1 The Open Ballot 330
6.2 Must MPs Be Bobbleheads? 170 11.2 An Early Illustration of the Brokerage Theory of
6.4 The Gomery Report on Ministerial Responsibility Canadian Politics 332
173 11.3 Revisiting Robert Alford on Class Voting 334
6.6 Chief Justice McLachlin Criticizes Government 11.4 Unite the Left? 346
Minister 176 11.5 Who’s for PR? 358
6.8 Can Quebecers Vote Their Way Out of Canada? 187 11.6 The French Run-off System 360
6.9 International Law and the Self-Determination of 12.2 Influence through Litigation 393
Quebec 189 12.3 Lobbyists-in-Chief? 396
7.3 When the Charter and Crown Prerogatives Collide 12.4 Think-Tanks and Interest Group Influence 398
211 12.6 The Revolving Door 400
7.7 Does the Ability to Spend Money during an Election 12.7 Influential Consultant Lobbyists and Some of Their
Campaign Jeopardize Democracy? 216 Clients 401
7.8 Is Hate Speech Protected by Free Speech? 220 14.2 Another Model for Language Rights: The Case of
8.2 Language, Nationalism, and Federalism 229 Belgium 452
8.4 “Open Federalism”: Ideology, the Constitution, and 16.1 Manitoba Grand Chief Derek Nepinak on the Indian
Intergovernmental Style 248 Act 507
8.5 Two Former Premiers and Two Views on Federal 17.2 Globalization’s Soft Spot? 540
Transfers 255
The Social Fabric
1.6 Identity Politics 23 7.6 Multiculturalism, Religious Freedom, and the Justice
2.1 Health Care and Canadian Culture: Two Views 37 System 214
3.2 Is Canada Still a Vertical Mosaic? 88 9.7 Is the Supreme Court “Representative” of Canada?
3.3 Why Are Danes the Happiest People in the World? 299
93 10.3 Elusive Targets: Diversifying Personnel in the
3.4 Is Life Expectancy the Best Indicator for the Health Canadian Forces 320
Dimension of Quality of Life? 94 17.3 The World Looks Different, Depending on Your Side
6.5 Justice Rosalie Abella on Judicial Impartiality and of the Border 549
Independence 175
