(Calotropis procera Ait).

110 Pages·2006·0.31 MB·English

Determination of Cu, Zn, Co, and Pb in A
Sudanese Medicinal and Aromatic Plant
(Calotropis procera Ait).

By

Limiaa Suliman Elnoor Abu Addry

(B.Ed. (chem.), 2000
U.of K.

Supervisor:- Prof. Mohamed Galal Mohamed

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Award for the Degree of
Master of Science (Chemistry) in the University of Khartoum.

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Education
University of Khartoum
(Sudan)
April 2005
Dedication

To My

Parents, Brothers and Sisters

To Those Whom I Love.
Acknowledgement

Praise be to Allah, He by His Grace deeds of righteousness are completed.

. •To my supervisor prof. Mohamed Galal Mohamed Ahmed.

• My Co supervisor Dr. Nawal Mahgob and the staff member of Faculty of Education
University of Khartoum.

• To the staff Member of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research Institute, National
Center for Research.

• Dr. Adam Sam and the staff member of Sudanese Atomic Energy Commission.

• My Father.
Contents

Dedication I
Acknowledgement II
Contents III
List of Figures VII
List of Tables IX
Abstract XI
ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا XII
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction 1
Chapter Two
2 Literature Review 3
2.1 Taxonomy 3
2.2 Toxicology 4
2.3 Distribution and Habitats 4
2.4 Principal Constituents 5
2.5 Uses of Calotropis procera 6
2.5.1 Medicinal Uses 6
2.6 Heavy Metals 8
2.6.1 The Context of Heavy 10
Metals Problem
2.7 Biological Role and Toxic 11
Effect of specific Heavy
Metals
2.7.1 Copper (Cu) 11
2.7.2 Zinc (Zn) 11
2.7.3 Cobalt (Co) 12
2.7.4 Lead (Pb) 12
2.8 Toxic Effect of Heavy Metal 13
in the Environment.
2.9 Toxic Effect of Heavy 14
Metals in the Plants
2.10 Metal Sources 15
2.10.1 Air and Water Pollution 15
2.10.2 Agricultural Chemicals and 16
Urban Wastes
2.11 Studies of Heavy Metal in 17
Plants
2.12 Studies of Measurement 22
Method of Heavy Metals in
Plants
2.13 Analytical Technique 25
2.13.1 Atomic Absorption 25
Spectrometry (AAS)
2.13.2 Beer- Lambert’s Law 26
2.13.3.1 Source of Radiation 28
2.13.3.2 Hollow Cathode Lamps 28
2.13.3.3 Burner Types 29
2.13.3.4 Monochromator 29
2.13.3.5 Detector and Readout 30
2.13.3.6 Limit of Detection 30
2.13.4 Interferences 31
2.13.4.1 Spectral Interferences 31
2.13.4.2 Chemical Interferences 31
3 Chapter Three
3.1 Materials and Method 34
3.1.1 The Study Area 34
3.1.2 Sample Collection 34
3.1.3 Plant Sample Treatment 34
3.2 Sample Measurements 39
3.2.1 Instrument Working 39
Conditions
3.2.2 Preparation of Standard 40
Solutions
3.2.3 Procedure 40
3.2.4 Accuracy of the Results 41
3.2.5 Statistical Analysis 41
Chapter Four
4 The Results 44
Chapter Five
5.1 Discussion, & Conclusion 74
5.2 References 81
5.2 Appendix 93
List of Figures
Figure: 4.1 Mean Concentration (ppm)of Cu, Pb, Zn and
Co in leaves= L, fruits= F, stems= St of Calotropis
Procera plant of Omdurman area.
Figure: 4.2 Mean Concentration (ppm) of Cu, Pb, Zn and
Co in leaves= L, fruits= F, stems= St of Calotropis
Procera plant of Khartoum area.
Figure: 4.3 Mean Concentration (ppm) of Cu, Pb, Zn and
Co in leaves= L, fruits= F, stems= St of Calotropis
Procera plant of Khartoum North area.
Figure: 4.4 Comparison of Cu (ppm) in fruits =F, of
Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure: 4.5 Comparison of Mean Pb (ppm) in fruits =F,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure: 4.6 Comparison of Mean Zn (ppm) in fruits =F,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure: 4.7 Comparison of Mean Co (ppm) in fruits =F,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure: 4.8 Comparison of Mean Cu (ppm) in leaves =L,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure: 4.9 Comparison of Mean Pb (ppm) in leaves =L,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure: 4.10 Comparison of Mean Zn (ppm) in leaves =L,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas
Figure: 4.11 Comparison of Mean Co (ppm) in leaves =L,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas
Figure: 4.12 Comparison of Mean Cu (ppm) in stem =St,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure :4.13 Comparison of Mean Pb (ppm) in stem =St,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas.
Figure: 4.14 Comparison of Mean Zn (ppm) in stem =St,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas
Figure: 4.15 Comparison of Mean Co (ppm) in stem =St,
of Calotropis Procera plant of Omdurman, Khartoum and
Khartoum North areas
Figure:4.16 Comparison of mean concentration (ppm) of
Cu, Pb, Zn and Co in the three areas (Omdurman,
Khartoum and Khartoum North).
Figure: 4.17 Comparison of mean concentration (ppm) of
Cu, Pb, Zn and Co in three parts (leaves , stem and fruits).
List of Tables
Table: 4.1 Concentration (ppm) of Cu, Pb, Zn and Co in
leaves = L, fruits= F, stem= St of Calotropis procera plant
of Omdurman area.
Table: 4.2 Concentration (ppm) of Cu, Pb, Zn and Co in
leaves = L, fruits= F, stem= St of Calotropis procera plant
of Khartoum area.
Table: 4.3 Concentration (ppm) of Cu, Pb, Zn and Co in
leaves = L, fruits= F, stem= St of Calotropis procera plant
of Khartoum North area.
Table: 4.4 Comparison of Cu, Pb, Zn and Co (ppm) in
fruits= F of Calotropis procera plant of Omdurman,
Khartoum and Khartoum North area.
Table: 4.5 Comparison of Cu, Pb, Zn and Co (ppm) in
leaves= L of Calotropis procera plant of Omdurman,
Khartoum and Khartoum North area.
Table:4.6 Comparison of Cu, Pb, Zn and Co (ppm) in
stem= St of Calotropis procera plant of Omdurman,
Khartoum and Khartoum North area.
Table: 4.7 Comparison of contents (ppm) of results of
plant analysis with literature data.
Table: 4.8 Comparison of mean concentration (ppm)
between three areas (Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum
North).
Table: 4.9 Comparison of mean concentration (ppm)
between the three parts (leaves, fruits and stems) of the
three areas.