Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects

442 Pages·2012·10.87 MB·English

by  Victor R Preedy

Caffeine
Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
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Food and Nutritional Components in Focus
Series Editors:
Professor Victor R Preedy, School of Medicine, King’s College London, UK
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4 1: Vitamin A and Carotenoids: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
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d on 17 October 2012012 on http://pubs.rsc. BSTEVcoemisiloeeiatnkpicloh:SeuoabrPnloeeawos:rkekD+bs,4aesM4pilteaes(ir0@latt)omt1rn2shec2ntR.3totp,or4:Rga/2/dwo0,0ywC6aw6la,S.mroFsbccar.ixoeid:trygg+e/o4S,f4hCCo(B0ph)4/e1Bm20o2Wios3tkFr4sy,/2,0UT2Kh4o7masGrahamHouse,
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Caffeine
Chemistry, Analysis, Function
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or ISSN: 2045-1695
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2- Preface
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0. Inthepastthreedecadestherehavebeenmajoradvancesinourunderstanding
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adest 2 disciplines so that information becomes more meaningful and applicable to
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Do0 The series Food and Nutritional Components in Focus covers the latest
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Chemistry and Biochemistry
Analysis
Function and Effects
Thefirstsectioncoverscaffeineinrelationtonutritionandasaningredient
in sugar sweetened beverages. The chemistry and biochemistry section covers
basic features,crystalstructures,complexes,synthesesoflabeledcaffeine,and
diffusion characteristics in aqueous media. The section on analysis includes
liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, multiple injection capillary
electrophoresis, automated flow methods and immunoassay, quantification
of self-reported caffeine use, teas and coffees, phenolic compounds and
FoodandNutritionalComponentsinFocusNo.2
Caffeine:Chemistry,Analysis,FunctionandEffects
EditedbyVictorRPreedy
#TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2012
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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vi Preface
xanthines. Finally, the section on function and effects includes caffeine in
relation to the brain, cognitive performance, neuroprotection, sleep depriva-
tion, exercise performance, ventilation and pulmonary function, young
children, type 2 diabetes, and apoptosis.
Each chapter transcends the intellectual divide with a novel cohort of
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752-F NN Summary points
734 N Key Facts (areas of focus explained for the lay person)
49 Definitions of words and terms
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2- Contents
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Key Facts of Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD) 16
Definitions and Explanations of Key Terms 16
Abbreviations 18
Acknowledgements 18
References 18
Chapter 2 Caffeine as an Ingredient in Sugar Sweetened Beverages 22
Lynn J. Riddell, Dhoungsiri Sayompark, Penny Oliver and
Russell S. J. Keast
2.1 Introduction: Caffeine Consumption Patterns
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2.2 Caffeine in the Body
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Caffeine:Chemistry,Analysis,FunctionandEffects
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viii Contents
2.2.1 Withdrawal from Caffeine 24
2.2.2 Is Caffeine a Drug of Dependence? 25
2.3 Caffeine as a Flavor Agent 26
2.4 Flavor Preferences 28
2.5 Caffeine in Sugar Sweetened Beverages 29
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ed Jose´ Joa˜o Carvalho, Franziska Emmerling and
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In Lieu of an Introduction: Caffeine Trivia
3.1 Nomenclature and Generic Properties 43
3.2 Physicochemical Properties 44
3.3 Spectral Data 47
3.4 Technical Substance, Identification and Impurities 47
3.5 Crystal Structure 48
3.6 Hazard Classification 49
Summary Points 50
List of Abbreviations 50
References 50
Chapter 4 Chemistry and Crystal Structures of Complexes of Caffeine
and Tea Catechins 53
Takashi Ishizu and Hiroyuki Tsutsumi
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Stereochemical Structures of Complexes of Caffeine
and Catechins 55
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Contents ix
4.2.1 Complex of Caffeine and CA 55
4.2.2 Complex of Caffeine and EC 59
4.2.3 Complex of Caffeine and CA, EC 61
4.2.4 Complex of Caffeine and Cg 63
4.3 Conclusion 65
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Downlo0 Augu 5.2.3 SSyynntthheessiiss of Labeled Caffeine by Partial 73
n 3 Synthesis with a Xanthine Derivative 73
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5.3.3 Syntheses of [13C] Caffeine 76
5.3.4 Syntheses of [14C] Caffeine 76
5.3.5 Syntheses of [2H] Caffeine 79
5.3.6 Syntheses of [3H] Caffeine 83
5.4 Characterization of Labeled Caffeine 83
5.4.1 Characterization by Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance 84
5.4.2 Characterization by Mass Spectrometry 84
Summary Points 84
Key Facts of Labeled Caffeine 84
Definitions of Words and Terms 85
Abbreviations 85
References 85
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Chapter 6 Diffusion of Caffeine in Different Aqueous Media at
Physiological Temperature 89
AnaC.F.Ribeiro,VictorM.M.Lobo,Cec´ıliaI.A.V.Santos
and Miguel A. Esteso
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Pu Daniel Perrone and Adriana Farah
7.1 Introduction 103
7.1.1 Caffeine Sources 104
7.1.2 Pharmacokinetics and Physiological Effects of
Caffeine 105
7.2 AnalysisofcaffeineandrelatedcompoundsbyLC-MS 106
7.2.1 Food 107
7.2.2 Water 112
7.2.3 Biological Matrices 114
7.3 Concluding remarks 121
Summary Points 121
Key Terms of Caffeine Analysis 122
Key Facts of Caffeine Analysis 122
List of Abbreviations 123
References 124