Table Of ContentLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Caffeine and behavior: current views and research trends / edited by
B.S. Gupta and Uma Gupta
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1166-7 (alk. paper)
1. Caffeine—Physiological effects. 2. Caffeine—Psychological aspects. I. Gupta, B.S.
II. Gupta, Uma.
QP801.C24C33 1999
615¢.785—dc21 99-12161
CIP
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©1999 CRC Press LLC
About the Editors
B.S. Gupta is a professor of psychology at Banaras Hindu University, Vara-
nasi, India. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department
of Psychology at Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Before coming to
Banaras Hindu University, he taught at Meerut University in Meerut and
Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar, India. He has published numerous
research articles and book chapters on behavioral effects of drugs and
Ayurvedic herbs, drug abuse, verbal conditioning, personality, perceptual
judgment, cognition and environment, talent search and development, and
adjustment and coping.
He has served as consulting editor on a number of journals, including
the International Journal of Psychology. He is now coeditor of Pharmacopsycho-
ecologia and is president of the Pharmacopsychoecological Association. He is
a member of the Advisory Council of the International Biographical Centre,
Cambridge, as well as the Research Board of Advisors of the American Bio-
graphical Institute, North Carolina. His research currently focuses on valida-
tion of tribal and Ayurvedic herbs, relaxation techniques, and drug effects on
behavior.
Uma Gupta is a research scientist in the Department of Basic Principles,
Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu Univer-
sity. She received her M.A., M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees in psychology from
Meerut University, Meerut, India. She has completed a number of research
projects sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the
University Grants Commission, New Delhi. She has contributed numerous
research articles to journals, including the British Journal of Psychology, Psy-
chopharmacology, Neuropsychobiology, and Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Be-
havior on pharmacopsychology, the biochemistry of behavior, personality,
memory, drug abuse and addiction, relaxation techniques, organizational
behavior, and environmental schematization.
She has recently coauthored a chapter on drugs in personality research
in Personality Across Cultures. She has also coedited two books: Advances in
Psychopharmacology, Neuropsychology & Psychiatry and Readings in Environ-
mental Toxicology and Social Ecology. She is now coeditor of Pharmacopsycho-
ecologia and is an invited honorary member of the Research Board of Advisors
of the American Biographical Institute, North Carolina.
©1999 CRC Press LLC
Contributors
Robert J. Carey, Ph.D. Uma Gupta, Ph.D.
Department of Psychiatry Department of Basic Principles
College of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences
SUNY Health Science Center and Banaras Hindu University
VA Medical Center Varanasi, India
Syracuse, New York
Stephen J. Heishman, Ph.D.
John W. Daly, Ph.D.
Clinical Pharmacology Branch
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
NIDA Addiction Research Center
NIDDK
National Institutes of Health
National Institutes of Health
Department of Psychiatry &
Bethesda, Maryland
Behavioral Sciences
The Johns Hopkins University
Ernest N. Damianopoulos, Ph.D.
School of Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Baltimore, Maryland
College of Medicine
SUNY Health Science Center and
Jack E. Henningfield, Ph.D.
VA Medical Center
Department of Psychiatry &
Syracuse, New York
Behavioral Sciences
Mark T. Fillmore, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University
Department of Psychology School of Medicine
University of Waterloo Baltimore
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada and Pinney Associates
Bethesda, Maryland
David V. Gauvin, Ph.D.
Drug Enforcement Administration Frank A. Holloway, Ph.D.
Office of Diversion Control Psychobiology Laboratories
Washington, DC Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences
B.S. Gupta, Ph.D. University of Oklahoma Health
Department of Psychology Sciences Center
Banaras Hindu University Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Varanasi, India
©1999 CRC Press LLC
Kenneth A. Jacobson, Ph.D. Olga Nikodijevic´, M.D.
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry University Medical School
NIDDK Skopje, Macedonia
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland Jennifer Rusted, Ph.D.
Department of Experimental
David A. Johnson, Ph.D. Psychology
Division of Pharmacology and University of Sussex
Toxicology Brighton, United Kingdom
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences Dan Shi, M.D.
Duquesne University Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania NIKKD
National Institutes of Health
Malcolm H. Lader, M.D., Ph.D., Bethesda, Maryland
D.Sc.
Department of Psychiatry Andrew P. Smith, Ph.D.
Section of Clinical Department of Experimental
Psychopharmacology Psychology
Institute of Psychiatry Health Psychology Research Unit
University of London University of Bristol
London, United Kingdom Bristol, United Kingdom
Monicque M. Lorist, Ph.D. Barry D. Smith, Ph.D.
Faculty of Psychology Department of Psychology
Rijks Universiteit Groningen University of Maryland
Groningen, The Netherlands College Park, Maryland
Mark Mann, M.A. Jan Snel, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology Department of Psychonomics
University of Maryland Faculty of Psychology
College Park, Maryland University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Devon E. McVey, M.S.
Health America, Inc. Odin van der Stelt, Ph.D.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry
J. Patrick Myers, M.S. Academic Medical Center
Mount Aloysius College University of Amsterdam
Cresson, Pennsylvania Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Astrid Nehlig, Ph.D. Kenneth Tola, M.A.
INSERM U 398 Department of Psychology
Faculté de Médécine University of Maryland
Strasbourg, France College Park, Maryland
©1999 CRC Press LLC
David M. Warburton, Ph.D. Jason M. White, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology Department of Clinical and
University of Reading Experimental Pharmacology
Reading, United Kingdom University of Adelaide
Adelaide, South Australia
©1999 CRC Press LLC
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1The role of adenosine receptors in the central action
of caffeine
John W. Daly, Dan Shi, Olga Nikodijevic´, and
Kenneth A. Jacobson
Chapter 2Caffeine in the modulation of brain function
J. Patrick Myers, David A. Johnson, and Devon E. McVey
Chapter 3Cerebral energy metabolism and blood flow: Useful tools
for the understanding of the behavioral effects of caffeine
Astrid Nehlig
Chapter 4Caffeine effects on locomotor and reward behavior
Ernest N. Damianopoulos and Robert J. Carey
Chapter 5Behavioral effects of caffeine coadministered
with nicotine, benzodiazepines, and alcohol
Jason M. White
Chapter 6Caffeine and arousal: A biobehavioral theory
of physiological, behavioral, and emotional effects
Barry D. Smith, Kenneth Tola, and Mark Mann
Chapter 7Is caffeine a drug of dependence?
Criteria and comparisons
Stephen J. Heishman and Jack E. Henningfield
Chapter 8Caffeine withdrawal
Malcolm H. Lader
Chapter 9Caffeine, caffeine withdrawal and
performance efficiency
Andrew P. Smith
©1999 CRC Press LLC
Chapter 10The association of anxiety, depression and
headache with caffeine use
David M. Warburton
Chapter 11Caffeine, impulsivity and performance
Uma Gupta and B.S. Gupta
Chapter 12Behavioral effects of caffeine: The role
of drug-related expectancies
Mark T. Fillmore
Chapter 13Caffeine and cognitive performance:
Effects on mood or mental processing?
Jennifer Rusted
Chapter 14Caffeine and attention
Odin van der Stelt
Chapter 15Caffeine and fatigue
Jan Snel and Monicque M. Lorist
Chapter 16The subjective effects of caffeine: Bridging the
gap between animal and human research
David V. Gauvin and Frank A. Holloway
Overview
B.S. Gupta
©1999 CRC Press LLC
Preface
Caffeine-containing beverages are consumed widely throughout the world.
It is, therefore, quite natural not only for the specialist and the physician but
also for the curious layman to obtain objective information about the sub-
stance which is consumed extensively in both the developed and the devel-
oping countries.
The approach followed in this book is mainly experimental, and the
major focus is on highlighting the current activities in research related spe-
cifically to the psychobehavioral effects of caffeine. The first chapter deals
with the role of adenosine receptors in the central action of caffeine, while
the second is devoted to evaluating the role of caffeine in the modulation of
neurotransmission. The third chapter represents a powerful approach to the
understanding of the behavioral effects of methylxanthines specifying caf-
feine effects on cerebral energy metabolism and blood flow. Of the remaining
13 chapters, 9 chapters are devoted to experimental research in regard to
caffeine's effects on important aspects of psychobehavior, including Chapter
11, which is specifically devoted to highlighting the role of personality vari-
ables, especially the trait of impulsivity, in research related to caffeine's effects
on human performance. In recent times, research has also focused on ascer-
taining whether caffeine can be placed in the category of addicting drugs.
Chapter 7 presents the current state of the art by focusing on the crucial
issues related to the possible addictive potential of caffeine. Chapter 8 high-
lights valuable information concerning caffeine withdrawal. Chapter 10 is
based on an extensive survey of the general population regarding caffeine
consumption in Great Britain. The final chapter proposes a model that relates
synthesized experimental findings in animals to the state changes operating
in human caffeine consumers and thus attempts to bridge the gap between
animal and human research.
The chapters in this book have been authored by specialists in their
fields. The book provides a wide range of coverage and will be of interest
to professionals and students researching caffeine.
B.S. Gupta/Uma Gupta
©1999 CRC Press LLC
chapter one
The role of adenosine receptors
in the central action of caffeine
John W. Daly, Dan Shi, Olga Nikodijevi´c,
and Kenneth A. Jacobson
Contents
I.Central sites of action of caffeine
II.Chronic effects of caffeine
III.Adenosine analogs and xanthines
IV.Summary
Acknowledgments
References
I. Central sites of action of caffeine
The widespread use of caffeine-containing beverages has focused research
on the mechanisms underlying the central effects of caffeine.1-3 While the
effects of moderate doses of caffeine on behavior are complex, it appears
likely that blockades at A - and A -adenosine receptors are the primary
1 2A
molecular sites of action for caffeine. There are at least four types of adenos-
ine receptors in brain.4,5 The A -class can be inhibitory to adenylate cyclase,
1
stimulatory to potassium channels, inhibitory to calcium channels, and stim-
ulatory to phosphoinositide breakdown. Selective agonists and selective xan-
thine and nonxanthine antagonists are available for A-receptors. The A - and
1 2A
A -subclasses are stimulatory to adenylate cyclase. The A - and A -receptors
2B 2A 2B
differ in affinity and in agonist selectivity. Selective agonists and antagonists
for A -receptors are available. Selective agents for A -receptors are not avail-
2A 2B
able. Caffeine is nearly equipotent as an antagonist at A-, A -, and A -recep-
1 2A 2B
tors. The A-adenosine receptor also occurs in brain, is inhibitory to adenylate
3
©1999 CRC Press LLC
