Cable Based and Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles: Technology and control, management and grid integration

353 Pages·2022·22.034 MB·English

by  Rajiv Singh, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Sanjeet Dwivedi, Marta Molinas, Frede Blaabjerg

Cable Based and Wireless Charging Systems for
Electric Vehicles
Technology and control, management and grid integration
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About the Editors le C
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Rajiv Singh is an assistant professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, College of r
Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, India g
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Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban is an assistant professor at the Department of Energy g

Technology, the Faculty of Engineering and Science, Esbjerg Energy Section, Aalborg
University, Denmark
Sanjeet Dwivedi is a senior R&D engineer in control engineering, application, and motor
control at Danfoss Power Electronics, Denmark
Marta Molinas is a professor at the Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Faculty of
Information Technology & Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Norway.
Frede Blaabjerg is a full professor at Aalborg University’s Centre of Reliable Power
Electronics, Denmark.
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The Institution of Engineering and Technology ja
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theiet.org r,
978-1-83953-178-1 g
IET TRANSPORTATION SERIES 32
Cable Based and Wireless
Charging Systems for
Electric Vehicles
Other volumes in this series:
Volume 1 Clean Mobility and Intelligent Transport Systems M. Fiorini and J-C. Lin (Editors)
Volume 2 Energy Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles K.T. Chau (Editor)
Volume 5 Sliding Mode Control of Vehicle Dynamics A. Ferrara (Editor)
Volume 6 Low Carbon Mobility for Future Cities: Principles and Applications H. Dia (Editor)
Volume 7 Evaluation of Intelligent Road Transportation Systems: Methods and Results M. Lu (Editor)
Volume 8 Road Pricing: Technologies, economics and acceptability J. Walker (Editor)
Volume 9 Autonomous Decentralized Systems and their Applications in Transport and Infrastructure K. Mori (Editor)
Volume 11 Navigation and Control of Autonomous Marine Vehicles S. Sharma and B. Subudhi (Editors)
Volume 12 EMC and Functional Safety of Automotive Electronics K. Borgeest
Volume 16 ICT for Electric Vehicle Integration with the Smart Grid N. Kishor and J. Fraile-Ardanuy (Editors)
Volume 17 Smart Sensing for Traffic Monitoring Nobuyuki Ozaki (Editor)
Volume 18 Collection and Delivery of Traffic and Travel Information P. Burton and A. Stevens (Editors)
Volume 24 Driving Simulators for the Evaluation of Human-Machine Interfaces in Assisted and Automated
Vehicles T. Ito and T. Hirose (Editors)
Volume 25 Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems: Towards high-level automated driving M. Lu (Editor)
Volume 26 Traffic Information and Control Ruimin Li and Zhengbing He (Editors)
Volume 30 ICT Solutions and Digitalisation in Ports and Shipping M. Fiorini and N. Gupta
Volume 38 The Electric Car M.H. Westbrook
Volume 45 Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles J. Miller
Volume 79 Vehicle-to-Grid: Linking Electric Vehicles to the Smart Grid J. Lu and J. Hossain (Editors)
Cable Based and Wireless
Charging Systems for
Electric Vehicles
Technology and control, management and
grid integration
Edited by
Rajiv Singh, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban,
Sanjeet Dwivedi, Marta Molinas and Frede Blaabjerg
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom
The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England &
Wales (no. 211014) and Scotland (no. SC038698).
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2021
First published 2021
This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright
Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or
private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by
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the publisher at the undermentioned address:
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While the authors and publisher believe that the information and guidance given in this
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The moral rights of the author to be identified as author of this work have been asserted by
him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this product is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-83953-178-1 (hardback)
ISBN 978-1-83953-179-8 (PDF)
Typeset in India by Exeter Premedia Services Private Limited
Printed in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon
Contents
Preface xi
About the Editors xv
1 Charging stations and standards 1
Sourabh Ghosh, Asheesh K Singh, Rakesh Maurya, Sri Niwas Singh, and
Vassilios G Agelidis
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Conductive charging of EVs 1
1.2.1 EV charging infrastructure 2
1.2.2 Integration of EV with power grid 9
1.2.3 International standards and regulations 11
1.3 Inductive charging of EVs 13
1.3.1 Need for inductive charging of EV 14
1.3.2 Modes of IPT 14
1.3.3 Operating principle of IPT 15
1.3.4 Static inductive charging 16
1.3.5 Dynamic inductive charging 21
1.3.6 Bidirectional power flow 23
1.3.7 International standards and regulations 24
1.4 Conclusion 28
References 28
2 Grid impact of static and dynamic inductive charging and
its mitigation through effective management 33
Ioannis Karakitsios, Evangelos Karfopoulos, and Nikos Hatziargyriou
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Tool for estimating the demand for fast inductive charging stations 34
2.2.1 Estimation tool for static inductive charging 34
2.2.2 Estimation tool for dynamic inductive charging 36
2.3 Impact of inductive charging on the distribution grid 39
2.3.1 Impact of static inductive charging on the grid 42
2.3.2 Impact of dynamic inductive charging on the grid 47
2.4 RES and inductive charging 49
2.5 EMS for inductive charging of EVs 54
2.5.1 ‘Global’ demand response services 56
2.5.2 ‘Local’ demand response services at the substation level 57
vi Cable Based and Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles
2.6 Conclusions 58
References 59
3 Wireless power transfer in EVs during motion 61
Ali Zakerian, Amir Babaki, and Ryosuke Ota
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 WPT systems: basic theories and applications 62
3.3 System modeling 63
3.4 Circuit and parameter design of the system 66
3.4.1 Standards for WPT system 66
3.4.2 Types of transmitter and receiver coils 67
3.4.3 Types of compensation circuits 72
3.4.4 Parameter design methods 73
3.4.5 Considerations for soft-switching of inverter 74
3.5 Control system for DWC 76
3.5.1 Load voltage and power regulation 78
3.5.2 Tuning of operating frequency 79
3.5.3 Load impedance matching 84
3.6 Future trends 88
3.6.1 Integration of WPT system and renewable energy systems 88
3.6.2 Vehicle to grid connection 89
3.6.3 V2V power transfer 90
3.6.4 Integration of WPT system and motor drive 92
3.7 Conclusion 93
References 94
4 Considerations on dynamic inductive charging: optimizing the energy
transfer at a high efficiency and experimental implementation 101
Ioannis Karakitsios and Nikos Hatziargyriou
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Differences among static and dynamic inductive charging 102
4.2.1 Analysis of a dynamic inductive charging system 102
4.2.2 Bifurcation in dynamic inductive charging 105
4.2.3 Self-inductance variations in dynamic inductive charging 108
4.3 Optimizing the power transfer and the efficiency in dynamic
inductive charging 113
4.4 Control system in dynamic inductive charging 114
4.4.1 Primary side control 115
4.4.2 Secondary side control 116
4.5 Application of the optimization problem and the control system
in a circular magnetic coupler 117
4.5.1 Application of the optimization problem 118
4.5.2 Simulation of the applied control 121
Contents vii
4.6 Experimental validation of the proposed optimization and
control scheme 122
4.6.1 Implementation of the magnetic coupler 122
4.6.2 Application of the proposed optimization method in the
implemented magnetic coupler 123
4.6.3 Implementation of the inverter and the control system 125
4.7 Conclusions 130
References 132
5 Converter classification, analysis, and control issues with EV 135
Anish Ahmad and R K Singh
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 State of art of power converters used for EV application 137
5.3 Quadratic converters 141
5.4 Design example of converter for HEV/EV 142
5.4.1 Working principle of bidirectional converter 142
5.4.2 Steady-state analysis 143
5.4.3 Passive components design 147
5.4.4 Small-signal analysis 148
5.5 Simulation and experimental verifications 151
5.6 EV drives and control 153
5.7 Conclusion 156
References 156
6 Reducing grid dependency of EV charging using renewable and
storage systems 163
Viet Thang Tran, Md Rabiul Islam, Danny Sutanto, and Kashem M Muttaqi
6.1 EV charging system 164
6.1.1 EV charger topologies 164
6.1.2 EV charging/discharging strategies 165
6.2 Integration of EV charging-home solar PV system 165
6.2.1 Operation modes of EVC-HSP system 166
6.2.2 Control strategy of EVC-HSP system 168
6.2.3 Simulation results of EVC-HSP system 169
6.2.4 Experimental results of EVC-HSP system 170
6.2.5 Summary designing of an EVC-HSP system 171
6.3 Level 3 – fast-charging infrastructure with solar PV and energy
storage 172
6.3.1 Power converter for FCI 177
6.3.2 Control diagram for FCI 178
6.3.3 Simulation results for FCI 183
6.3.4 Summary designing of an FCI 185
6.4 Conclusions 185
References 186
viii Cable Based and Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles
7 Optimal charge control strategies of EVs for enhancement of battery
life and lowering the charging cost 189
A Zahedmanesh, KM Muttaqi, and D Sutanto
7.1 Introduction 190
7.2 Integration of EVs in power systems 192
7.2.1 EV chargers 193
7.2.2 EV batteries 194
7.3 Charge/discharge control strategies of EVs 200
7.3.1 Configuration for the optimal charging/discharging
strategies of EVs 200
7.3.2 Development of the analytical models of EVs 202
7.4 Optimal control strategy for integration of EVs to enhance battery
life and lower the charging cost 203
7.4.1 Optimal EV charging control strategy 204
7.4.2 Simulation results and discussions 207
7.5 Conclusion 211
References 212
8 Energy management strategies in microgrids with EV
and wind generators 217
Payam Teimourzadeh Baboli, Alireza Sheikhi Fini, and
Mostafa Sedighizadeh
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Day-ahead MG EMS considering EVs 218
8.2.1 Effects of EV’s charging/discharging strategies on the EMS 219
8.2.2 Objective functions and constraints for MG-EMS
equipped EVs 221
8.2.3 Multi-objective optimization 225
8.2.4 Uncertainty modeling 226
8.3 Real-time MG energy management 226
8.4 MG Energy management with EVs, seawater desalination, and
RESs: a case study 228
8.4.1 Overview of the proposed MG 229
8.4.2 Mathematical modeling and proposed algorithm 230
8.4.3 Numerical results 231
8.4.4 Comparative studies 233
8.5 Conclusion 235
References 237
9 Optimal energy management strategies for integrating renewable
sources and EVs into microgrids 245
Rahmat Khezri and Amin Mahmoudi
9.1 Introduction 245
9.2 Architecture of microgrids 246
Contents ix
9.2.1 Microgrid classification 247
9.2.2 Microgrid components 249
9.3 Roles of EVs in microgrids 250
9.3.1 Smoothing renewable generation 251
9.3.2 Economic benefits 251
9.3.3 Power/energy reserve 251
9.3.4 Mitigating load consumption 251
9.3.5 Reliability improvement 252
9.3.6 Scheduling power exchange 252
9.3.7 Peak shaving 252
9.3.8 Frequency regulation using EVs 252
9.4 Energy management system of microgrids 253
9.4.1 Problem identification 253
9.4.2 EMS strategies for microgrids with EVs 257
9.5 Conclusions 260
References 261
10 Charging infrastructure layout and planning for plug- in electric
vehicles 265
P. Sivaraman, C. Sharmeela, and S. Logeshkumar
10.1 Introduction 265
10.2 Electric vehicle supply equipment technology 268
10.3 Basic EVSE components 268
10.3.1 EVSE 268
10.3.2 Electric vehicle connector 268
10.3.3 Electric vehicle inlet 269
10.4 PEV battery systems 269
10.4.1 Battery technology—a power unit of EV 270
10.5 Charging system 271
10.5.1 Options for electric vehicle supply equipment 271
10.6 Battery charger 272
10.7 EVSE charger classifications 272
10.8 EVSE signaling and communications 274
10.9 Vehicle-to-grid 274
10.10 Wireless charging 276
10.10.1 Inductive and resonant technologies 276
10.10.2 Research on wireless charging 278
10.11 Vehicle design 278
10.11.1 Society of automotive engineers 279
10.12 Innovative charging solutions 279
10.12.1 Solar charging 279
10.12.2 Development hindrances in EVSE infrastructure
expansion 280
10.12.3 Governmental awareness 280