Table Of ContentC++ through
Examples
Alex Vasilev
C++ through Examples
Written, codes, cover and illustrations by Alex Vasilev
Copyright © 2020 Alex Vasilev
All rights reserved
ISBN: 9798629182832
Contents C++ through Examples 3
Contents
Introduction. The Book about С++ ................................ 7
About the Book ................................ 7
The C++ Programming Language ................................ 8
An Integrated Development Environment ................................ 9
About the Author ................................ 9
Feedback ................................ 9
Downloads ................................ 9
Thanks ................................ 10
Chapter 1. Simple Programs ................................ 11
The First Program ................................ 11
Using Variables ................................ 14
Using Functions ................................ 20
Using a Loop Statement ................................ 23
Using a Conditional Statement ................................ 27
Using Arrays ................................ 29
Chapter 2. Control Statements ................................ 32
The for Loop Statement ................................ 32
The do-while Statement ................................ 37
The switch Statement ................................ 40
Nested Conditional Statements ................................ 46
Nested Loop Statements ................................ 48
The Loop over a Collection ................................ 52
Handling and Throwing Exceptions ................................ 55
The goto Statement ................................ 60
Chapter 3. Pointers, Arrays, and References ................................ 62
Using Pointers ................................ 62
Arrays and Pointers ................................ 65
Contents C++ through Examples 4
Using References ................................ 69
Using Dynamic Memory ................................ 71
Character Arrays ................................ 74
Two-Dimensional Arrays ................................ 79
Arrays of Pointers ................................ 86
Chapter 4. Functions ................................ 92
Using Functions ................................ 92
Overloading Functions ................................ 97
Default Values for Arguments ................................ 101
Using Recursion ................................ 103
Passing Arguments to Functions ................................ 106
Passing Pointers to Functions ................................ 110
Passing Arrays to Functions ................................ 112
Passing a String to a Function ................................ 119
A Pointer as the Result of a Function ................................ 121
A Reference as the Result of a Function ................................ 125
A Dynamic Array as the Result of a Function ................................ 128
Pointers to Functions ................................ 134
Chapter 5. Classes and Objects ................................ 141
Using Classes and Objects ................................ 141
Public and Private Members ................................ 145
Overloading Methods ................................ 148
Constructors and Destructors ................................ 155
Operator Overloading ................................ 162
Using Inheritance ................................ 173
Chapter 6. Using Object-Oriented Programming ................................ 182
A Pointer to an Object ................................ 182
Arrays of Objects ................................ 191
An Array as a Field ................................ 194
Contents C++ through Examples 5
Functors and Object Indexing ................................ 200
The Copy Constructor ................................ 204
Inheritance and Private Members ................................ 208
Virtual Methods and Inheritance ................................ 211
Multiple Inheritance ................................ 215
Base Class Variables ................................ 218
Chapter 7. Template Functions and Classes ................................ 223
Template Functions ................................ 223
Template Functions with Several Parameters ................................ 228
Overloading Template Functions ................................ 230
The Explicit Specialization of Template Functions ................................ 232
Template Classes ................................ 234
The Explicit Specialization of Template Classes ................................ 237
Default Values for Template Parameters ................................ 242
Inheritance of Template Classes ................................ 244
Integer Template Parameters ................................ 250
Chapter 8. Different Programs ................................ 262
Using Structures ................................ 262
Template Structures ................................ 265
Complex Numbers ................................ 267
Numerical Arrays ................................ 272
Dynamic Arrays ................................ 283
Using Sets ................................ 289
Associative Containers ................................ 292
Handling Exceptions ................................ 296
Using Multithreading ................................ 298
Chapter 9. Mathematical Problems ................................ 304
The Fixed-Point Iteration Method ................................ 304
The Bisection Method ................................ 307
Contents C++ through Examples 6
Newton's Method ................................ 312
The Lagrange Interpolation Polynomial ................................ 315
The Newton Interpolation Polynomial ................................ 319
Simpson's Method for Calculating Integrals ................................ 323
The Monte Carlo Method for Calculating Integrals ................................ 326
Euler's Method for Solving Differential Equations ................................ 329
The Classical Runge-Kutta Method ................................ 332
Conclusion. Some Advice ................................ 335
Introduction The Book about С++ 7
Introduction
The Book about ++
С
You can observe a lot by watching.
Yogi Berra
This book is about the C++ programming language. If you have no (or little)
experience in C++, if you want to succeed in programming in C++, and if you are
ready to study hard, then the book is for you.
About the Book
The book consists of specially selected examples and problems. They cover all
main subjects essential for programming in C++.
The first chapter gives a general notion of what we can do in C++. There we learn
how to create a program. The chapter also contains information about input and
output operators, variables, functions, loop statements, conditional statements, and
arrays.
The second chapter is devoted to the control statements. In this chapter, we
consider in detail the conditional statement, loop statements, the selection statement.
We also will get a notion about handling and throwing exceptions.
In the third chapter, we discuss pointers, arrays, and references. Namely, we
consider how to create and use pointers. We discuss the relationship between pointers
and arrays, and also we investigate how and when we can use references. Moreover,
the chapter contains information about memory allocation. As well, there we analyze
the peculiarities of character arrays used to implement strings.
The fourth chapter is about functions. There we learn what a function can do and
how we can use it. We overload functions, define the arguments with default values,
and use recursion. We will get to know how arguments are passed to functions and
how we pass a function as an argument. Also, we learn how functions operate with
arrays, references, and pointers.
Introduction The Book about С++ 8
In the fifth chapter, we discuss the principles of object-oriented programming. We
learn how to describe classes and create objects. Also, the chapter contains
information about public and private members, constructors and destructors,
overloading methods and operators, using inheritance.
In the sixth chapter, we continue discussing classes and objects. Namely, we get
familiar with pointers to objects, arrays of objects, and functors. We will use objects
whose fields are arrays and implement object indexing. We will get familiar with
virtual methods and multiple inheritance, and do some other tricks with classes and
objects.
In the seventh chapter, we investigate template functions and classes. There we
create and overload template functions with several parameters. We will come to
know how to define default values for template parameters. There we also apply
inheritance for template classes. Moreover, in the chapter, we consider how to use
integer template parameters.
In the eighth chapter, we consider different programs. The chapter explains how to
use structures, complex numbers, and containers. We will also get familiar with
multithreading.
The ninth chapter is devoted to mathematical problems. In that chapter, we show
how to implement methods for solving algebraic and differential equations, calculate
integrals, and create interpolation polynomials.
The C++ Programming Language
By now, C++ is one of the most popular programming languages. It is impossible
to imagine a professional programmer who would not know C++. In this sense,
choosing C++ for studying seems to be very reasonable. In addition to the direct
benefits of having the ability to create programs in C++, there is also an important
methodological aspect. It is based on exceptional flexibility and richness of the C ++
language. After having studied C++, it is much more comfortable "to adopt" other
programming languages. But, in any case, C++ is a "must-know" language, and it
Introduction The Book about С++ 9
will be in the nearest future. No doubt, C++ is an excellent choice to get familiar with
programming.
An Integrated Development
Environment
There is no lack of software for creating programs in C++. Now, a lot of high-
quality software development tools exist, both commercial and free. As usual, an
integrated development environment is used, which binds a code editor, debugger,
compiler (not always, but very often), and some other additional utilities. Of course,
you are free to choose any development environment you want. Considered in the
book codes are universal, and they are not tied to any particular application.
However, it is essential to note that all the programs in the book were tested in
Microsoft Visual Studio Express.
About the Author
The author of the book, Alex Vasilev, is a Professor in Theoretical Physics at the
Physics Department of Kiev University. He teaches programming in C++, C#, Java,
JavaScript, and Python for more than fifteen years. Research interests are physics of
liquids and liquid crystals, biophysics, synergetic, mathematical methods in
economics, modeling of social and political processes, mathematical linguistics.
Feedback
You can send your comments and suggestions about the book by email
[email protected].
Downloads
You can download the codes from the book at
www.vasilev.kiev.ua/books/cpp/codes.zip.
Introduction The Book about С++ 10
Thanks
I express my sincere gratitude to the readers for their interest in the book and hope
that the book will help in studying C++.
