Table Of Content

C++ Lambda Story Everything you need to know about Lambda Expressions in Modern C++! Bartłomiej Filipek Thisbookisforsaleathttp://leanpub.com/cpplambda Thisversionwaspublishedon2021-07-25 ThisisaLeanpubbook.LeanpubempowersauthorsandpublisherswiththeLean Publishingprocess.LeanPublishingistheactofpublishinganin-progressebookusing lightweighttoolsandmanyiterationstogetreaderfeedback,pivotuntilyouhavetheright bookandbuildtractiononceyoudo. ©2019-2021BartłomiejFilipek forWiolaandMikołaj Contents AbouttheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i RootsOfTheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i WhoThisBookisFor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii HowToReadThisBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii ReaderFeedback&Errata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii ExampleCode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii CodeLicense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv FormattingAndSpecialSections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv SyntaxHighlightingLimitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v SpecialSections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v OnlineCompilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi AbouttheAuthor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii RevisionHistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 1. LambdasinC++98/03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CallableObjectsinC++98/03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Whatisa“Functor”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 IssueswithFunctionObjectClassTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ComposingWithFunctionalHelpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 MotivationforaNewFeature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. LambdasinC++11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 TheSyntaxofLambdaExpression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 AFewExamplesofLambdaExpressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CoreDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CompilerExpansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CONTENTS TheTypeofaLambdaExpression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ConstructorsandCopying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 TheCallOperator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Overloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 OtherModifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Captures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 GeneratedCode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 CaptureAllorExplicit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ThemutableKeyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 InvocationCounter-AnExampleofCapturedVariables . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 CapturingGlobalVariables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 CapturingStatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 CapturingaClassMemberAndthethisPointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Moveable-onlyObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PreservingConst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 CapturingaParameterPack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ReturnType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 TrailingReturnTypeSyntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 ConversiontoaFunctionPointer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ATrickyCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 IIFE-ImmediatelyInvokedFunctionalExpression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 OneNoteAbouttheReadability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 InheritingfromaLambda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 StoringLambdasinaContainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3. LambdasinC++14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 DefaultParametersforLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 ReturnTypeDeduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 CapturesWithanInitialiser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ImprovementsforExistingIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 GenericLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 VariadicGenericArguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 PerfectForwardingwithGenericLambdas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 DeducingtheCorrectType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Replacingstd::bind1standstd::bind2ndwithLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 CONTENTS UsingModernC++Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 FunctionComposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 LIFTingwithlambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 RecursiveLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Withstd::function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 InternalLambdaandaGenericParameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 MoreTricks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Isarecursivelambdathebestalternative? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4. LambdasinC++17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 LambdaSyntaxUpdate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ExceptionSpecificationintheTypeSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 constexprLambdaExpressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 CapturingVariables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 constexprSummary: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Captureof *this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 SomeGuides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 UpdatesToIIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 ExtractingFunctionswithIIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 UpdatestoVariadicGenericLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 DerivingfromMultipleLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 CustomTemplateArgumentDeductionRules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 ExtensiontoAggregateInitialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Examplewithstd::variantandstd::visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 ConcurrentExecutionUsingLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Lambdaswithstd::thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Lambdaswithstd::async . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 LambdasandParallelAlgorithmsfromC++17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 LambdasAndAsync-WrapUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5. LambdasinC++20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 LambdaSyntaxUpdate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 AQuickOverviewoftheChanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 constevalLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 CapturingaParameterPack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 CONTENTS TemplateLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 ConceptsandLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ChangestoStatelessLambdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Evenmorewithunevaluatedcontexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 LambdasandconstexprAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 C++20UpdatestotheOverloadedPattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 AppendixA-ListofTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 AppendixB-SixAdvantagesofC++LambdaExpressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 1.LambdasMakeCodeMoreReadable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 2.LambdasCanCompile7xFasterthanstd::bind! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.LambdasImproveLocalityoftheCode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4.LambdasAllowStoringStateEasily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.LambdasAllowSeveralOverloadsintheSamePlace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.LambdasGetBetterwithEachRevisionofC++!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 About the Book This book shows the story of lambda expressions in C++. You’ll learn how to use this powerful feature in a step-by-step manner, slowly digesting the new capabilities and enhancementsthatcomewitheachrevisionoftheC++Standard. We’llstartwithC++98/03,andthenwe’llmoveontothelatestC++Standards. • C++98/03-howtocodewithoutlambdasupport.Whatwasthemotivationforthenew modernC++feature? • C++11-earlydays.You’lllearnaboutalltheelementsofalambdaexpressionandeven sometricks.Thisisthelongestchapterasweneedtocoveralot. • C++14-updates.Oncelambdaswereadopted,wesawsomeoptionstoimprovethem. • C++17 - more improvements, especially by handling this pointer and allowing constexpr. • C++20-inthissectionwe’llhavealookatthelatestandveryfreshC++20Standard. Additionally, you’ll find techniques and handy patterns throughout the chapters for using lambdainyourcode. Walking through the evolution of this powerful C++ feature allows us not only to learn lambdas but also to see how C++ has changed over recent years. In one section you’ll see a technique and then it will be “iterated” and updated in further chapters when new C++ elements are available. When possible, the book cross-links to other related sections of the book. Roots Of The Book TheideaforthecontentstartedafteralivecodingpresentationgivenbyTomaszKamiński atourlocalCracowC++UserGroup. Itooktheideasfromthepresentation(withTomek’spermission,ofcourse:)andthencreated twoarticlesthatappearedatbfilipek.com: AbouttheBook ii • Lambdas:FromC++11toC++20,Part1¹ • Lambdas:FromC++11toC++20,Part2² Later,IdecidedthatIwanttooffermyreadersnotonlyblogpostsbutanice-lookingPDF. Leanpub provides an easy way to create such PDFs, so it was the right choice to copy the articles’contentandcreateaLeanpubbook. Whynotmovefurther? After some time, I decided to write more content, update the examples, provide better use casesandpatterns.Andhereyouhavethebook!It’snowalmostfourtimesthesizeofthe initialmaterialthatisavailableontheblog! Who This Book is For ThisbookisintendedforallC++developerswholiketolearnallaboutamodernC++feature: lambdaexpressions. How To Read This Book This book has the “history” order, so it means that you start from the background behind lambdas, and then you move slowly with new features and capabilities. Reading this book fromcovertocovermightbesuitableforanexperienceddeveloperwhowantstorecallthe principles,seethebackstoryandlearnwhat’snewineachC++Standard. Ontheotherhand,ifyouareabeginner,it’sbesttostartfromtheC++11chapter.Seesections about the basic syntax, examples, how to capture variables. Then, when you’re ready, you can skip some advanced topics and move into the C++14 chapter where you’ll learn about generic lambdas. First parts of the C++11 and C++14 chapter are crucial for understanding lambdas.Onceyougetthebasics,youcanreadtheskippedsectionsandseemoreadvanced techniques. AttheendofthebookinAppendixA,there’sahandylistof“lambdatechniques”.Youcan haveaquicklooktoseeifsomethingisinterestingandthenstartreadingthatsection. ¹https://www.bfilipek.com/2019/02/lambdas-story-part1.html ²https://www.bfilipek.com/2019/03/lambdas-story-part2.html

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