C & Data Structures [Deshpande & Kakde 2004-01

695 Pages·2008·8.14 MB·English

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C & Data Structures
P. S. Deshpande
O. G. Kakde
CHARLES RIVER MEDIA, INC.
Hingham, Massachusetts
Copyright © 2003 Dreamtech Press
Reprint Copyright © 2004 by CHARLES RIVER MEDIA, INC.
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P.S. Deshpande and O.G. Kakde. C & Data Structures
1-58450-338-6
All brand names and product names mentioned in this book are trademarks or service marks of their
respective companies. Any omission or misuse (of any kind) of service marks or trademarks should not be
regarded as intent to infringe on the property of others. The publisher recognizes and respects all marks used
by companies, manufacturers, and developers as a means to distinguish their products.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Deshpande, P. S.
C & data structures / P.S. Deshpande, O.G. Kakde.
p. cm.
ISBN 1-58450-338-6 (Paperback with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
1. C (Computer program language) 2. Data structures (Computer
science) I. Kakde, O. G. II. Title.
QA76.73.C15D48 2003
005.7'3—dc22
2003021572
04 7 6 5 4 3 2 First Edition
CHARLES RIVER MEDIA titles are available for site license or bulk purchase by institutions, user groups,
corporations, etc. For additional information, please contact the Special Sales Department at 781-740-0400.
Requests for replacement of a defective CD-ROM must be accompanied by the original disc, your mailing
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02043. CRM's sole obligation to the purchaser is to replace the disc, based on defective materials or faulty
workmanship, but not on the operation or functionality of the product.
Acknowledgments
Writing any book is not an easy task. We spent about one year designing the contents, implementing the
programs and testing the programs. Our 12 years of teaching experience has helped us to explain the issues
in the language and complex problems in data structures.
We are thankful to our student Rupesh Nasre who, after receiving an M.Tech. degree in computer science
from IIT Mumbai, helped us in implementing advanced problems in data structures. We are also thankful to
our students Ms. Usha Agrawal and Mr. Ramchandra Vibhute for helping us in writing programs for II.
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C & Data Structures
byP.S. DeshpandeandO.G. Kakde ISBN:1584503386
Charles River Media 2004 (700 pages)
This thorough text provides a comprehensive guide to all the data types in C
with internal implementation, while providing examples to demonstrate their
behavior.
Table of Contents
C & Data Structures
Preface
Part I - C Language
Chapte
- Introduction to the C Language
r 1
Chapte
- Data Types
r 2
Chapte
- C Operators
r 3
Chapte
- Control Structures
r 4
Chapte
- The printf Function
r 5
Chapte
- Address and Pointers
r 6
Chapte
- The scanf Function
r 7
Chapte
- Preprocessing
r 8
Chapte
- Arrays
r 9
Chapte
- Function
r 10
Chapte
- Storage of Variables
r 11
Chapte
- Memory Allocation
r 12
Chapte
- Recursion
r 13
Chapte
- Strings
r 14
Chapte
- Structures
r 15
Chapte
- Union
r 16
Chapte
- Files
r 17
Part II - Data Structures
Chapte - Arrays, Searching, and Sorting
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r 18
Chapte
- Stacks and Queues
r 19
Chapte
- Linked Lists
r 20
Chapte
- Trees
r 21
Chapte
- Graphs
r 22
Part III - Advanced Problems in Data Structures
Chapte
- Problems in Arrays, Searching, Sorting, Hashing
r 23
Chapte
- Problems in Stacks and Queues
r 24
Chapte
- Problems in Linked Lists
r 25
Chapte
- Problems in Strings
r 26
Chapte
- Problems in Trees
r 27
Chapte
- Problems in Graphs
r 28
Chapte
- Miscellaneous Problems
r 29
Index
List of Figures
List of Tables
Back Cover
CD Content
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Preface
The book is written for both undergraduate and graduate students of core computer science areas. The book
would be very useful for other students to learn programming for the purpose of making a career in computer
science. It covers all those topics that generally appear in aptitude tests and interviews. It not only gives the
language syntax but also discusses its behavior by showing the internal implementation. We have covered
almost the entire range of data structures and programming such as non-recursive implementation of tree
traversals, A* algorithm in Artificial Intelligence, 8-queens problems, etc. We also have supplied a CD-ROM
which contains all the source material that appears in the book. We welcome comments from our readers.
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Part I: C Language
Chapter 1: Introduction to the C Language
Chapter 2: Data Types
Chapter 3: C Operators
Chapter 4: Control Structures
Chapter 5: The printf Function
Chapter 6: Address and Pointers
Chapter 7: The scanf Function
Chapter 8: Preprocessing
Chapter 9: Arrays
Chapter 10: Functions
Chapter 11: Storage of Variables
Chapter 12: Memory Allocation
Chapter 13: Recursion
Chapter 14: Strings
Chapter 15: Structures
Chapter 16: Union
Chapter 17: Files
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the C Language
THE FIRST PROGRAM IN C
Introduction
The C program is a set of functions. The program execution begins by executing the function main (). You
can compile the program and execute using Turbo C compiler or using the following commands in Unix/Linux:
$ cc -o a a.c
where a.c is the file in which you have written the program. This will create an executable file named a.exe.
$./a.
This will execute the program.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Hello \n"); /* prints Hello on standard output */ }
Output : Hello
Explanation
1. The program execution begins with the function main().
2. The executable statements are enclosed within a block that is marked by ‘{’ and ‘}’.
3. The printf() function redirects the output to a standard output, which in most cases is the
output on screen.
4. Each executable statement is terminated by ‘;’
5. The comments are enclosed in ‘/*...*/’
Variables
Introduction
When you want to process some information, you can save the values temporarily in variables. In the
following program you can define two variables, save the values, and put the addition in the third variable.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,k; // Defining variables Statement A
i = 6; // Statement B
j = 8;
k = i + j;
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printf("sum of two numbers is %d \n",k); // Printing results
}
output : sum of two numbers is 14
Explanation
1. Statement A defines variables of the type integer. For each variable you have to attach some data
type. The data type defines the amount of storage allocated to variables, the values that they can
accept, and the operations that can be performed on variables.
2. The ‘ // ’ is used as single line comment.
3. The ‘%d’ is used as format specifier for the integer. Each data type has a format specifier that
defines how the data of that data type will be printed.
4. The assignment operator is ‘=’ and the statement is in the format:
Var = expression;
Points to Remember
1. The variables are defined at the begining of the block.
2. The data type is defined at the begining of declaration and followed by a list of variables.
3. It is the data type that assigns a property to a variable.
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INPUTTING THE DATA
Introduction
In C, the input from a standard input device, such as a keyboard, is taken by using the function scanf. In
scanf, you have to specify both the variables in which you can take input, and the format specifier, such as
%d for the integer.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,k;
scanf("%d%d",&i,&j); // statement A
k = i + j;
printf("sum of two numbers is %d \n",k);
}
Input 3 4
Output: sum of two numbers is 7
Explanation
1. Statement A indicates the scanf statement that is used for taking input. In scanf you have to
specify a list of addresses of variables (&i, &j) which can take input. Before specifying the list of
variables you have to include a list of format specifiers that indicate the format of the input. For
example, for the integer data type the format specifier is %d.
2. In scanf, you have to specify the address of the variable, such as &i. The address is the
memory location where a variable is stored. The reason you must specify the address will be
discussed later.
3. The number of format specifiers must be the same as the number of variables.
Point to Remember
In scanf, you have to specify the address of a variable, such as &i, &j, and a list of format specifiers.
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THE CONTROL STATEMENT (if STATEMENT)
Introduction
You can conditionally execute statements using the if or the if...else statement. The control of the
program is dependent on the outcome of the Boolean condition that is specified in the if statement.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,big; //variable declaration
scanf("%d%d",&i,&j); big = i;
if(big < j) // statement A
{ // C
big = j; // Part Z, then part
} // D
printf("biggest of two numbers is %d \n",big);
if(i < j) // statement B
{
big = j; // Part X
}
else
{
big = i; // Part Y
}
printf("biggest of two numbers(using else) is %d \n",big);
}
Explanation
1. Statement A indicates the if statement. The general form of the if statement is if(expr)
2.
3. {
4. s1 ;
5. s2 ;
6. ....
7. }
8. expr is a Boolean expression that returns true (nonzero) or false (zero).
9. In C, the value nonzero is true while zero is taken as false.
10. If you want to execute only one statement, opening and closing braces are not required, which is
indicated by C and D in the current program.
11. The else part is optional. If the if condition is true then the part that is enclosed after the if is
executed (Part X). If the if condition is false then the else part is executed (Part Y).
12. Without the else statement (in the first if statement), if the condition is true then Part Z is
executed.
Points to Remember
1. if and if...else are used for conditional execution. After the if statement the control is
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