C# 4.0 Pocket Reference

218 Pages·2010·1.137 MB·English

by  Ben Albahari, Joseph Albahari

C# 4.0
Pocket Reference

THIRD EDITION
C# 4.0
Pocket Reference
Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
C# 4.0 Pocket Reference, Third Edition
by Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari
Copyright © 2010 Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari. All rights reserved.
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Editor: Mike Hendrickson
Production Editor: Kristen Borg
Proofreader: Kiel Van Horn
Indexer: Angela Howard
Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Interior Designer: David Futato
Illustrator: Robert Romano
Printing History:
November 2002: First Edition.
February 2008: Second Edition.
August 2010: Third Edition.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are
registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. C# 4.0 Pocket Reference, the
image of an African crowned crane, and related trade dress are trademarks
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ISBN: 978-1-449-39401-1
[TM]
1280502296
Contents
C# 4.0 Pocket Reference 1
Using Code Examples 2
How to Contact Us 2
Safari® Books Online 3
A First C# Program 3
Compilation 6
Syntax 7
Identifiers and Keywords 7
Literals, Punctuators, and Operators 9
Comments 10
Type Basics 10
Predefined Type Examples 10
Custom Type Examples 11
Conversions 14
Value Types Versus Reference Types 15
Predefined Type Taxonomy 18
Numeric Types 19
Numeric Literals 20
Numeric Conversions 21
Arithmetic Operators 22
Increment and Decrement Operators 22
Specialized Integral Operations 22
v
8- and 16-Bit Integrals 24
Special Float and Double Values 24
double Versus decimal 25
Real Number Rounding Errors 25
Boolean Type and Operators 26
Equality and Comparison Operators 26
Conditional Operators 27
Strings and Characters 28
String Type 29
Arrays 31
Default Element Initialization 32
Multidimensional Arrays 33
Simplified Array Initialization Expressions 34
Variables and Parameters 35
The Stack and the Heap 35
Definite Assignment 36
Default Values 37
Parameters 37
var—Implicitly Typed Local Variables 42
Expressions and Operators 43
Assignment Expressions 43
Operator Precedence and Associativity 44
Operator Table 45
Statements 48
Declaration Statements 48
Expression Statements 48
Selection Statements 49
Iteration Statements 52
Jump Statements 54
Namespaces 55
The using Directive 57
Rules Within a Namespace 57
vi | Table of Contents
Aliasing Types and Namespaces 59
Classes 59
Fields 59
Methods 60
Instance Constructors 61
Object Initializers 62
The this Reference 63
Properties 63
Indexers 65
Constants 66
Static Constructors 67
Static Classes 68
Finalizers 68
Partial Types and Methods 68
Inheritance 70
Polymorphism 71
Casting and Reference Conversions 71
Virtual Function Members 73
Abstract Classes and Abstract Members 74
Hiding Inherited Members 74
Sealing Functions and Classes 75
The base Keyword 75
Constructors and Inheritance 76
Overloading and Resolution 77
The object Type 78
Boxing and Unboxing 79
Static and Runtime Type Checking 80
The GetType Method and typeof Operator 80
Object Member Listing 81
Equals, ReferenceEquals, and GetHashCode 81
The ToString Method 82
Structs 82
Table of Contents | vii
Struct Construction Semantics 83
Access Modifiers 83
Friend Assemblies 84
Accessibility Capping 84
Interfaces 85
Extending an Interface 86
Explicit Interface Implementation 86
Implementing Interface Members Virtually 87
Reimplementing an Interface in a Subclass 87
Enums 88
Enum Conversions 89
Flags Enums 90
Enum Operators 91
Nested Types 91
Generics 92
Generic Types 92
Generic Methods 93
Declaring Type Parameters 94
typeof and Unbound Generic Types 95
The default Generic Value 95
Generic Constraints 95
Subclassing Generic Types 97
Self-Referencing Generic Declarations 97
Static Data 97
Covariance (C# 4.0) 98
Contravariance (C# 4.0) 99
Delegates 100
Writing Plug-in Methods with Delegates 101
Multicast Delegates 102
Instance Versus Static Method Targets 103
Generic Delegate Types 103
The Func and Action Delegates 103
viii | Table of Contents