But. 24, Bureau of Forestry, US Dept. of Agr. PLATE I.

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But. 24, Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Dept. of Agr. PLATE I.
L UMBERING, A PART OF THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY.
BULLETIN No. 24, PART II.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF FORESTRY.
A PRIMEl=t OF FORESTRY.
Pun II.--PRAC'l'I CAL FORESTRY.
By GIF:F'OI~.I.J PINC HOT,

FORESTER.

\VAS HI NG TOK:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

] 905 .

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
B uREAU OF FoRESTRY,
WctiMngton, D. 0., June 136, 1903.
Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith the man­
uscript of the second half of "A Primer of Forestry,"
and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 24,
Part II, of this Bureau. The second part (Practical
Forestry) deals with the practice of forestry, with
work in .the woods, and with the relation of the forest
to the weather and the streams, and concludes with a
'• short aecount of forestry at home and abroad.
The illustrations are from photographs in the collec­
tion of the Bureau of Forestry, some of which were
contributed by gentlemen not members of the Bureau,
to whom I desire to express my acknowledgments.
Respectfully,
GIFFOHD PINCHOT,
F orester.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Sec1'etary of Agrimtlt'ttre.
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CONTENTS.
Pae:e.
CrrA PTER J.-TrrE PHACTICE OF FORESTRY .. _. _.-_-_.----. 7

The sen·ice of the forest . _. ___ .. __ . __ . _. _. __________ _
7
The use~ of the forest . _____ . ____ . _... ____ ____ . _____ _ 8

Four requirements for the best service. ___ ._._ .. _____ _ 11

The yield of a forest. ___ .. ______ .. __ . _. _. _.. ___ .. ___ _ H

Silvicultural systems._._ ........ ............ _... ___ _ 18

Simple coppice . __ . ____ . .... _... ___ . _.. ____ . ___ _ 19

Stored coppice._. __ ..... _... _._ .. _._ .. _____ . ___ _ 21

Seed or high forest. ___ ._. _. . _. _______ ._._. ___ __ _ 22

Regular seed forest. __ . .. __ .. ____ . ...... _. _. ___ .. 23

Two-storied seed forest .. ____ .... _.. _... _. __ . __ . _ 27

Selection forest . _. _. ...... _. _. _.. _. __ . _. _. __ . __ _ 28

Localized·selection .. _.... ___ . _.. _. _... _..... ___ . 30

The group system._._ .. _._ . ........ __ ... ____ .. __ 33

The strip system. ___ . ___ ........ _.. ___ ... _.. _._. 35

Impro1·ement cuttings............ _._ ... _._._._ .. 36

CHAPTER !I.-WoRK JN TAE Wooos ____________________ _ 38

Conservative lumbering_._._. ___ ._ ... _......... _... . 40

Conservative lumbering and ordinary lumbering._ 41

Felling the trees. ____ . _.. _ . ..... _. _......_. ... _.. 42

Swamping and sawing.......... __ ._ .. _.. _.... _.. 45

Skidding_._ ._ .. _._ . . _.... .. ... __ ._ .. _.. _._._. __ 47

Transportation _.. __ . _... _. __ . __ . _... ___ ... ___ .. 49

At the mills ... ____ ... _._._._ .. __ ----.-.-.. ----. 51

Waste in lumbering___________________________ __
53

Planting _. ___ . __ . _. _.. _. __... _. __ . ____ .-. _.... _. _. _ 54

5
6 CONTENTS.
Page.
CHAPTER III. -TrrE WEATHER A:>D THE STRE.UJS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 56

Forests and climate _____ __ ________ __ ________________ 57

Effect of forest cover on temperature_________________ 59

Extremes of heat and cold ______________________ __ __ 61

Moisture in forest air__________________ ______ __ ______ 62

Evaporation __________________________________ __ ____ 63

Rainfall __ ________ __ __ __ ______ __ ____________________ 66

Fallen rain _________________________________________ 67

CHAPTER IV.-FonESTR¥ ABHOAD A;\D AT HO)!E____ ______ 74

:Forestry abroad ______ __ ______ __ ____________________ 74

The forest in early times------------------------ 75
Modern forestry ________________________________ 75

Germany _______ _ __ _ ___ ________ __ __ _ ___ ____ 77

France _____________________________________ 77

Switzerland ____________ __ __________________ 78

British India __________ ____________ __ .____ __ 80

Forestry at home___________________ ________________ 81

The settler and the forest__________________ ______ 82

First steps in forestry _________ __ ____ __ __________ 83

The public domain ____________ . __ ____ __ ________ 85

Federal forest reserves ______ __ ________ __ ________ 85

State forestry ______________________ -__ --_______ - 87

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Number.
Plates ____.________________________________ -__ --:-------- 18
Text figures ____________ ---------------.---------------- 47
A PRIMER OF FORESTRY.
CHAPTER I.
THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY.
THE SERVICE OF THE FOREST.
Next to the earth itself the forest is the most useful
servant of man. Not only does it sustain and regulate
the streams, moderate the winds, and beautify the
land, but it also supplies wood, the most widely used
of all materials. Its u::;es are numberless, and the
demands which are made upon it by mankind arc
numberless ·also. It is essential to the well-being of
mankind that these demands should be met. They
must be met steadily, fully, and at the right time if the
forest i::; to g-ive it::; best ::;ervice. The object of prac­
tical forestry is preci::;ely to make the forest render its
best service to man in such a way as to in<'rease rather
than to diminish its u::;efulnc::;s in the future. Forest
management and conciClTath'c lumbering are other
names for practical forestry. Under whatever name it
may be known, practical forestry means both the usc
and the preservation of the forest.
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A PRIMER OF FORESTRY.
THE USES OF THE FOREST.
A forest, large or small, may render its service in
many ways. lt may reach its highest usefulness by
standiug as a safeguard against, floods, winds, snow
slide::;, moving ::;and::;, or especially against the dearth
of water in the ::;treams. A forest u::;ed in this way is
called a protection forest, and ii::! usually found in the
mountains, or on bleak, open plain::;, or by the sea.
Fore::;ts which protect the
headwaters of streams
used for irrigation, and
many of the larger wind­
breaks of the Western
plainl::!, are protection for­
ests. The Adirondack and ~ • • I
Catskill woodlands were re­
garded as protection forests
by the people of the State of
New York when they for­
bade, in the constitution of
1895, thefelling,destruction,
FIG. 1.-Alpine hemlock in a pro­

tection forest. Cascade Noun- or removal of any trees from

tains, Washington.
the State Forel::!t Presene.
A farmer living directly on the produce of his land
would finJ hil::! woodlot most u~:>eful to him when it
supplied the largest amount of wood for his pct:u liar
needs, or the best grazing for his cattle. A railroad
holding land which it did not wi::;h to sell would per­
haps find it most useful when it produced the greatest
number of ties and bridge timbers. In both easel:! the
forest woul<~ render itl::! best senice h~r producing the
Fl3. 1.-WINDBREAKS OF L OMBARDY POPLAR, [NTENDE'D TO PROTECT ORCHARD TREES

AGAINST WIND AND MoviNG SAND. NEAR THE DALLES, OREGON.

fiG. 2 .-PROTECTION FOREST ABOUT A lAKE. ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, NEW YORK.