Burton Field Guide for Industrial Hygiene

160 Pages·2002·8.189 MB·160\160

by  Burton, D. Jeff

Burton Field Guide
for Industrial Hygiene
by D. Jeff Burton
Copyright AIHA® For personal use only. Do not distribute.
Disclaimers
The information in this publication was developed by experts with background, training,
and experience in industrial hygiene with information and conditions existing at the time
of publication. The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), as publisher, and
the author have been diligent in ensuring that the material and methods addressed in this
book reflect prevailing occupational health and safety and industrial hygiene practices. It
is possible, however, that certain procedures discussed will require modifications because
of changing federal, state, and local regulations, or heretofore unknown developments in
research.
AIHA and the author disclaim any liability, loss, or risk resulting directly or indirectly
from use of the practices and/or theories discussed in this book. Moreover, it is the
reader's responsibility to stay informed of any changing federal, state, or local regulations
that might affect the material contained herein, and the policies adopted specifically in the
reader's workplace.
Specific mention of manufacturers and products in this book does not represent an
endorsement by AIHA.
Copyright
Copyright 2002 by D. Jeff Burton. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced in any form, by Photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means,
without prior permission from the author or the American Industrial Hygiene Association.
1st printing 2002
Available from:
American Industrial Hygiene Association
2700 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 250
Fairfax, VA 22031
[phone]
www.aiha.org
ISBN 1-931504-32-6
Stock #491-BP-02
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright AIHA® For personal use only. Do not distribute.
Burton Field Guide For Industrial Hygiene
Table Of Contents Sectio
Complete List Of Contents and Index next pages
General IH A ... 1
Chemical Tables B ... 17
Ventilation C ... 31
Indoor Air Quality D ... 58
Thermal Stress (Conditions?) E ___ 83
Ergonomics/Human Factors F ... 84
PPE and Respirators G ,,, 86
Standards and Guidelines H ... 89
Sound and Noise I ... 94
Terms and Equations J ... 97
Nomographs K ... 110
Source/How-to-use: The Guide provides raw technical data with no explanations. Go to
sources for more informalion and how to use the tabular/graphic data. Understand before using.
1. Industrial Ventilation Workbook, 4th Edition, 2001,
2. IAQ & HVAC Workbook, 3rd Edition, 2001
3. Industrial Hygiene Workbook: The Occupational Health Sciences, 2000
4. Semiconductor Exhaust Ventilation Guidebook, 1996
5. Useful Equations; Practical Applications of OH&S Math, 2000
6. Companion Study Guide to the ACGIH Industrial Vent Manual,, 2001
7. Engineering Control Monograph, 2000
8. Laboratory Ventilation Guidebook, 2001
9. Case Studies: Sixty Practical Applications oflH Control, 2001
10. Hemeon's Plant and Process Ventilation, 1999
Note. Items 1-10: IVE Press, Inc., Burton, D. Jeff, 280-350 pages;
available from ACGIH, AIHA, ASHRAE, ASSE and IVE. See last pages of BFG.
11. ACGIH Vent Manual, 24th Edition
12. Building Air Quality, EPA
13. NIOSH Pocket Guide
14. ACGIH TLWList
15. AIHA White Book
16. AIHA Engineering Reference Manual
17. Industrial Indemnity Safety Engineering Standards
18. AIHA Compendium of Current Practice
19. NIOSH White Book
20. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (plus standards)
21. 3M Respirator Selection Guide
22. OSHA Technical Manual
Copyright AIHA® For personal use only. Do not distribute.
Burton Field Guide to Industrial Hygiene
A. General IH
A-1.0 Determining Chemical Hazard Potential C-11.0 On-site checklist of an LEV system
A-2.0 Toxin Classes C-12.0LEV Deficiency Factors C-13.0 Basic IV
A-3.0 Hazard and Toxic Factors Testing Devices/Equipment
A-4.0 Carcinogens C-14.0 Areas Approach to Hood Design
A-5.0 Chemicals with ACGIH BEI C-15.0 Location of Smoke Release
A-6,0 BEIs C-16.0 Location of Critical Air Velocity
A-7.0 Toxic Properties of 25 Chemicals C 17.0 Capture, Control, and Face Velocities
A-8.0 Biosafety Levels C-18.0 Good Practices with Hoods
A-9.0 Dust Visual Sighting C-19.0 Hood Coefficient of Entry
C-20,0 Construction Materials for Fume Hoods
A-10.0 Analytical Methods
C-21.0 Common Hood Design Parameters
A-11.0 Sampling Methods
C-21.1 Hood Design for Inertials and Fine Dust
A-12.0 Direct Reading Instruments
C-21.2 Exhaust Arrangement and Formulas
A-13,0 Chemical Instrumental Methods
C-21.3 Limiting Distances of X in Terms of Hood
A-14.0 Detector Tube Sampling
Face Diameter Significant for Practical Air
A-15.0 Charcoal Tube Sampling
Velocities
A-16.0 Diffusion Sampling
A-16.1 Rotameter Reading C-22,0 Transport/Scrubbing Velocities for Dry
A-16.2 Wet Test Meter Selup Particles- Round Ducts
A-17.0 Air Sampling—Membrane Filters C-23.0 Duct Roughness Correction Factors
A-18.0 Aerosol Samplers—Types C-24.0 Corrosion Resistance in Common Duct
A-18.1 Particle Sizing Problems Materials
A-19.0 Exposure Control Methods C-25.0 Pitot Tube Measurement Locations in
A-20.0 Aerosol Sampling Reporting Round Duct
A-21.0 Types of Respirable Particle Samplers C-2S.1 Round Galvanized Metal Duct Sizes
A-22.0 Pulvation Processes Commonly Available
A-23.0 Secondary Air Motion C-26.0 Ductwork Symbols
A-24,0 Skin Protective Mechanisms C-27.0 Good Practices for Reviewing Plans And
Specifications
B. Chemical Tables C-28.0 Loss Factors in Round Ductwork
C-29.0 Exhaust Fan Maintenance Checklist
B-1.0 Standard Composition of Dry Air C-30.0 Fan Specification Criteria
B-2.0 Modified Periodic Chart of the Elements C-30.1 Fan SE Loss Factors
B-3.0 Incompatibilities of Chemicals C-30.0 Typical Airflow Profiles Following Fans
B-4.0 Fifty Common Industrial Hydrocarbons and C-31.0 Checklist for Make-up and Air Supply
their Vapors—Physical Properties Systems
B-5.0 Fifty Common Industrial Hydrocarbons and C-32.0 LEV Recirculation Criteria:
their Vapors—Health Hazard Properties C-33.0 Typical Air Exchange Rates in
B-6.0 Common Industrial Gases—Physical Employment Occupancies
Properties C-34.0 Solvent Application Rates in Certain
B-7.0 Common Industrial Gases—Health Hazard Typical Industrial Operations
Properties C-35.0 Industrial Ventilation Selection Criteria
C-36.0 New Guidelines for Ventilation in Health-
C. Ventilation Care Facilities
C-37.0 Maintenance Problems in Application of
C-1.0 Air Density Correction Factor, d Various Classes of Dust Collector to
C-2.0 LEV Rules of Thumb Different Types of Dust and Gas Streams
C-3.0 Useful Emission Characterization Data C-38.0 Types of Air Cleaners
C-4.0 Typical Air Velocities
C-5.0 V to VP Conversions D. Indoor Air Quality
C-6.0 IV Documentation and Programs
C-7.0 Information Checklist for LEV Systems D-1.0 Contaminant Concentrations in Indoor Air
C-8.0 Problem Characterization D-2.0 OA Recommendations for Occupational
C-9.0 Causes of Common LEV Problems Occupancies
C-10.0 IV Problem Investigation Checklist D-2.1 Generally Acceptable IAQ Design
List of Contents v1.0 - August 2001 Parameters In Offices
D-2.2 Typical Air Supply Registers
Copyright AIHA® For personal use only. Do not distribute.
D-3.0 Selected MERV Numbers and Their D-41.0 Typical HVAC System
Characteristics D-42.0 IAQ Investigation Protocol and Flowchart
D-4.0 Comparison of Filter Standard Test Results E. Thermal Conditions
D-5.0 Emission Factors Chart
D-6.0 Emissions for Sealants and Caulks E-1.0 Heat Generation Rates
D-7.0 Indoor Air Contaminant Sources by E-2.0 Metabolism and Cooling at Ambient
Groupings (1) Temperatures
D-8.0 Indoor Air Contaminant Sources by
Groupings (2) F. Ergonomics/Human Factors
D-9.0 IAQ: Indoor Air Contaminant Sources by
Contaminant F-1.0 Ergonomics/Biomechanics Terms
D-10.0 Duct Cleaning F-2,0 Cumulative trauma disorders
D-11.0 Checklist for Preventing and Minimizing F-3,0 Planes of Reference
IAQ Problems F'4.0 Natural Motion Pathway of the Wrist
D-12,0 Preventive Measures for Reducing
Building-Related Microbial Contamination G. PPE And Respirators
D-13.0 IAQ: Building Owners Necessary
Documentation and Records G-1.0 Common Respirators and Assigned
D-14.0 IAQ Building Information Checklist Protection Factors
D-15.0 IAQ; Basic Information Checklist for HVAC G-2.0Good Practices when Using Respiratory
Systems Protection
D-16.0 IAQ Checklist for Avoiding Legal Aclions G-3.0 Requirements of 29CFR1910.134
D-17.0 IAQ Investigation Checklist G-4.0 Canister and cartridge markings
D-18.0 Checklist for Reviewing Drawings and G-5.0 Standards and Regulations with Minimum
Specifications Required Fit Test Factors
D-19.0 Occupants Checklist of the Ventilation in G-6.0 Welder "Shade" Lenses
a Room
D-20.0 Checklist for On-site Investigation at H. Standards And Guidelines (SGP)
Specific Locations
D-21.0 IAQ Checklist for Walk-through Survey H-1.0 Major IH Standard- and Guideline-Setting
D-22.0 Quick IAQ Walk-Thru Survey-Problems Establishments
Noted H-2.0 Major Recognized North American
D-23,0 Space Characterization Worksheet Standards and Guidelines of Good IH
D-24,0 IAQ Complaint Form (Typical) Practice
D-25.0 Checklist for Interviews and H-3.0 Comparison of Traditional Air
Questionnaires Concentration Guidelines for Chemical
D-26.0 Occupant Interview Record Substances (Re: IAQ)
D-27.0 Checklist for Interviews with Persons in
Charge I. Sound and Noise
D-28.0 Occupants IAQ Incident Log
D-29.0 IAQ Office Worker 1-1.0 Typical Audiogram for Conductive Hearing
Questionnaire/lnterviewComplaints Loss
D-30.0 Office Worker Questionnaire/Interview: 1-2,0 Typical Audiogram for Sensorineural
Symptoms Hearing Loss
D-31.0 Inspection Checklist for HVAC Systems 1-3.0 Permissible Exposure Times, 5-dBA Doubling
D-32.0 Maintenance Checklist for Common (OSHA PEL)
HVAC Components 1-3.1 Acceptable Noise Levels for Comfort
D-33.0 HVAC Troubleshooting Checklist — I-4.0 Free Field Noise Reduction with Distance
Typical Problems I-5.0 Change in Perceived Loudness
D-34.0 HVAC Fan Maintenance Checklist
D-35.0 HVAC Equipment Maintenance Checklist J. Terms and Equations
D-36.0 IAQ Checklist for Selecting Air Filters
D-37.0 IAQ Checklist For Reducing Microbial J-1.0 Useful Conversion Factors
Problems J-2.0 Major Chemical Terms and Concepts
D-38.0 Moisture Control Checklist for Building J-3.0 IH General Terms and Units
Occupants and Operators J-4.0 Common IH Equations
D-39.0 IAQ: Deficiency Checklist for HVAC
systems
D-40.0 IAQ: Field Screening, Testing and
Monitoring Equipment
Copyright AIHA® For personal use only. Do not distribute.
K. Nomographs
K-1.0 Psychromelric Charl
K-2.0 Aerosol in Air—Approximate Diameter,
Micrometers
K-3.0 Airflow Nomograph.
K-4,0 Adding Sound Pressure Levels in dB
K-5.0 SPL at a Distance
K-6,0 Outdoor Air Using C02 Concentrations
K-7.0 Outdoor Air Using Temperature.
K-8.0 Square to Round Duct Converter
K-9,0 Fan RPM Changes
K-10.0 Cost Estimator
K-10.1 Relative Cost Comparisons For Air
Cleaning Equipment
K-11.0 BP to Altitude
K-12.0 Specific Volume to density
K-13.0 Effective Temperature; Mild Work
K-14.0 Effective Temperature; Sitting
K-15.0 Typical Noise Levels in dBA
K-15.1 Sound Power in Watts and Decibels
K-15.2 Sound Power in Watts and Decibels
K-15.3 Approximate Frequency Response for
ANSI Sound Level Meters
K-15.4 Time Limits on Noise Exposure
K-16.0 Typical Air Velocity Contours at Hoods
K-16.1 Summary of Hood Entry Factors or
Coefficients
K-16.2 Rates of Exhaust Required for Cold
Multidirectional Processes with Common
Types of Exterior Capture Hoods
K-16.3 Rates of Exhaust with Single Slots
Flanked by a Parallel Plane
K-16.4 Expressions of Width of Salvage Zone for
Common Hood Shapes
K-17.0 Descriptive Characteristics of Free Air Jets
K-17.1 Velocity Characteristics of Free Air Jets
K-18,0 Air friction chart for round straight
galvanized duct for average construction
K-19.0 Fifth-power Chart for Estimating
Increased Losses in a Duct when
Diameter is Reduced and Airflow is
Unchanged.
K-20,0 Vapor Pressure of Water in Saturated Air
K-21.0 Typical Distances Traveled by Spherical
K-21.2 Field Worksheet for Pulvation Action of
Dust or Mist in Cold Processes
K-22.0 Losses in a tapering enlargement
expressed
K-23.0 Measuring Static Pressure Using Simple
Equipment
K-24.0 Clo Values for Various Activities in Shade
K-25.0 Reserved
K-26.0 Effective Comfort for Persons Entering
Space
K-27,0 Reserved
K-28.0 Estimating Air ftowrate Using An Orifice
Meter
K-29.0 Stack Dilution Factors
K-30.0 Reserved
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Section A. General IH A-2.0 Industrial Toxin Classes and Terms
Asphyxiants. Simple (oxygen exclusion: nitrogen, methane). Chemical (reduce
A1.0 Determining Chemical Hazard Potential—Useful Information
oxygen/handling capacity of blood: carbon monoxide, cyanide)
General Blood-damaging agents (e.g., lead, arsine, benzene). Chemicals which
• Date, contact names, phone numbers damage red-blood cells or blood-forming mechanisms.
• Location Carcinogens. Benzene, benzidine, vinyl chloride, asbestos, ionizing radiation
Chemical CNS depressants and anesthetics (e.g., alcohol, hydrocarbons). Depress the
•Name central nervous system.
• Type of chemical Hematopoietic. Nitrites, aniline, lead, carbon disulfide, methylene chloride
•MSDS Hemotoxin and CNS. Mercury (organic and inorganic), organophosphorus
• Hazard potential (toxicity, fire) pesticides, lead, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene, carbon disulfide, nitrous oxide
•Odor Threshold (N20), benzene, ketone (MEK), boranes
• Sampling methods Hepatotoxic agents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamine). Liver-damaging
Physical characteristics chemical compounds.
• Melting Point Hepatotoxin. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide
• Boiling Point Immune System. Toluene diisocyanate (sensitization), fungi (sensitization)
• Vapor Pressure Lung damaging agents. Asbestos, free crystalline silica, metal fumes (iron,
• Physical State cadmium, zinc oxides), nitrogen dioxide, beryllium, cotton dust, coal dust
• Particle Size Nephrotoxic agents (e.g., cadmium, halogenated HCs). Kidney-damaging
•Solubility chemical compounds.
Exposures Nephrotoxins. Heavy metals and their components (cadmium, uranium, lead),
• Quantity of chemical used carbon disulfide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, antibiotics
• Dilution ratios Neurotoxic agents (e.g„ carbon disulfide, methyl mercury, TEL). Nervous
• Frequency of exposure system-damaging chemicals.
• Duration Primary irritants (e.g., acids). Causes inflammation.
•Routes of exposure Pulmonary function agents, (e.g., asbestos, silica, coal dust, organic dusts,
•TLV/PEL/REL acids). Any chemical compound that effects pulmonary tissue.
Controls Secondary irritants (e.g., hydrogen sulfide). Causes inflammation in addition
• Engineering to more serious damage or toxic effects in the body.
•Administrative Simple Irritants. Ammonia, most acids, ethylene oxide
• Potential controls: Skin irritants. Fibrous glass, chromic acid (nasal mucus), hydrocarbons
Source/How-to-use: (1,2) Source/How-do-use: (3,13,19)
Copyright AIHA® For personal use only. Do not distribute.
A-3,0 Hazard and Toxicity Factors A-4.0 Suspected and Confirmed Occupational Carcinogens
by Common Industrial Chemicals and Target Organ
Hazard = /(toxicity, dose, susceptibility)
Target Organ Suspected Carcinogen Confirmed Carcinogen
Factors effecting hazardous effect:
Bone Beryllium
(1) properties of the substance (e.g., liquid, gas, vapor, solid) -
Brain - Vinyl chloride
(2) toxicity (i.e., the effect on body systems),
Gi tract Asbestos
-
(3) the exposure mode or route of entry to the body (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, skin
Hematopoietic Ethylene oxide Benzene, styrene,
absorption, injection),
(Leukemia) Butadiene
(4) the quantity of exposure (e.g., airborne concentration or the amount taken up by
Kidney Lead, cadmium Coke oven emissions, CTPV
the body),
Larynx Sulfuric acid
-
(5) the duration of exposure (e.g., number of hours, days,or years),
Liver Carbon Tet, DDT, Dieldrin Vinyl chloride
(6) individual susceptibility (e.g, age, sex, health, and/or tolerance), and
hepta chlor, PCB, TCE
(7) other environmental factors (e.g., synergistic effects of similar agents) -
Lung Cadmium, lead Arsenic, asbestos, beryllium,
Antimony trioxide Bis(CM) Ether, chromates,
Factors effecting toxic action
(1) concentration of contaminant (ppm), Refractory ceramic fiber coke oven emissions, mustard
(2) rate of uptake (mg per hour) gas, nickel, uranium, vinyl
(3) route of entry (pulmonary system), chloride, CMM ether, CTPV
Lymph system Arsenic, benzene
(4) duration of exposure (eight hours), -
(5) individual susceptibility (e.g., sex, health, age, previous exposure, allergies), Nasal Formaldehyde Chromium, nickel, wood
(6) environmental factors (e.g., stress, heat and cold, atmospheric pressure). dust (some)
Pancreas Benzidine, PCB -
A-3.1 NIOSH toxicity definitions Pleural cavity Asbestos
-
Prostate Cadmium
-
Toxicitv ratina Descriptive Term LD-50* IC-50" Scrotum - Soots and tar
1 Extremely toxic <1 mg <10 Skin Chlorophrene Arsenic, coke oven emissions,
2 Highly toxic 1-50mg 10-100 cutting oils, soots/tar, CTPV
3 Moder. toxic 50-500 mg 100-1000 Urinary tract Auramine, magenta Benzidine, B
4 Slightly toxic 0.5-5 gram 103-10* Bladder Napthylamine
-
5 Pract. nontoxic 5-15 gram 104-105
6 Almost harmless >15 grams >105 CTPV = coal tar pitch volatiles
Partial List: Check References for complete and updated coverage.
* Single oral dose, rats, mg or grams per kg weight
** 4-hour inhalation, rats, ppm by volume in air. Source/How-to-use: (3,19) Source/How-to-use: (13,14,17)
Copyright AIHA® For personal use only. Do not distribute.
A-5.0 Common Chemicals with ACGIH Biological Exposure Indicator® A-6.0 Biological Exposure Indices
Chemical Compound Biological Test Source BEI's represent the amount of a chemical absorbed into the body and warning
Acetone Urine levels of biological response to a chemical, or warning levels of the chemical or
Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides Red blood cells its metabolic products in tissue, fluids, or exhaled breath. BEI's do not (usually)
Aniline Urine/blood differentiate between routes of entry to the body.
Arsenic and soluble inorganic compounds Urine
Benzene Urine Problems. There is a wide range of variability between people's response to
Cadmium and cadmium inorganic compounds Urine/blood exposure and what is "normal* (e.g.," normal" blood lead concentrations range
Carbon disulfide Urine from 5-30 jjg/dl.) There are few simple, inexpensive tests available for most
Carbon monoxide Blood/exhaled air chemical analyses of metabolites (e.g., it is difficult to get liver tissue for
Chiorobenzene Urine analysis.) Many analytical methods are not sensitive enough for the
Chromium Urine concentrations to be measured, interferences may exist (e.g., trichloroacetic acid
Cobalt Urine/blood in urine may be suggestive of exposure to either TCE and PCE.)
Ethyl benzene Urine/exhaled air
Fluorides Urine Examples of Specific Determinant
Furfural Urine - Carbon monoxide (CO in breath; COHb in blood.)
n-Hexane Urine/exhaled air - Styrene (mandelic acid in urine; styrene in exhaled
w Lead Blood air, urine, and blood)
Mercury Urine/blood - Toluene (Toluene in exhaled air and blood: hippuric acid in urine.)
Methanol Urine - Trichloroethylene (TCE in exhaled air, urine, blood: Trichloroacetic acid,
Methemogiobin inducer Blood urine.)
Methyl chloroform Urine/blood/exhaled air - Xylene (methyl-hippuric acid in urine.)
MEK, MIBK Urine - Benzene (phenol in urine, benzene in exhaled air.)
Nitrobenzene Urine/blood - Cadmium (cadmium in blood and urine.)
Parathion Urine/red blood cells - Lead (lead in urine and blood.)
Pentachiorophenol Urine/plasma - MEK(MEK in urine.)
Phenol Urine - Chromium (total chromium in urine.)
Styrene Urine/blood - Fluorides (fluorides in urine.)
Tetrachloroethylene Urine/blood/exhaled air - Methanol (methanol or formic acid in urine.)
Toluene Urine/blood - Perchloroethylene (PCE in exhaled air and blood; trichloroacetic acid in urine.)
Trichloroethylene Urine/blood/exhaled air
Xylene Urine
Source/How-to-use: (3,14)
Source/How-to-use: (14)
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A-7.0 Toxic Properties Of 25 Common Airborne Industrial Chemicals
Chemical Tvpicai Svmptoms* TLV** IDLH
Ammonia URI, dyspnea, pul. edema, bronchospasm 25 ppm 500 ppm
Arsine gas Headache, malaise, dizz., naus., vomit 0.05 ppm 6 ppm
Benzene (skin) CNS effects, URI, abdom. pain (Car.) 0.5 ppm 3000 ppm
Beryllium (Be comp) Respir. symptoms, weakness (Car.) 2 [jg/m3 10 mg/m3
Cadmium (elemental) Pul. edema, dysp., cough, tight chest (Car) 10 pg/m3 9 mg/m3
Carbon dioxide None expected 5000 ppm 50000 ppm
Carbon monoxide Headache, nausea, dizz., weak, confusion 25 ppm 1500 ppm
Chlorine gas URI, cough, choking, edema, burning 0.5 ppm 30 ppm
Cyanides (typical) Weak, headache, vomit, asphyxia, death 5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Formaldehyde (STEL) URI, cough, bums nose, puim edema (Car) 0.3 ppm 30 ppm
Hydrogen sulfide (IC) URI; apnea, coma, convulsions, headache 5 ppm 300 ppm
Lead, dust and fumes Insomnia, abdom pain, colic, anemia 50 jjg/m3
—
Mercury, inorg. vapor Cough, pneu, tremor, insom, irritability 25 (jg/m3 28 mg/m3
Nitric acid URI, delayed pul. edema, pneumonitis 2 ppm 100 ppm
Nitrogen dioxide Cough, URI, chest pain, pul edema 3 ppm 50 ppm
Oil mist, mineral None reported 5 mg/m3
-
Ozone (heavy work) URI, puim edema, chron. resp. disease (IC) 0.05 ppm 10 ppm
Silica (crystalline) Pneumoconiosis 0.05-0.1 mg/m3
-
Sulfur dioxide URI, rhinitis, choking, cough, branch 2 ppm 100 ppm
Sulfuric acid URI, puim edema, bran emphysema 1 mg/m3 80 mg/m3
Toluene (skin) Fatigue, CNS, dizz.., headache, insomnia 50 ppm 2000 ppm
TDI URI, choke, cough, puim. edema; sensitizer 5 ppb 10 ppm
1,1,1 TCE CNS depression, headache 350 ppm 1000 ppm
Trichloroethylene Headache, vertigo, tremors, CNS, nausea 50 ppm 1000 ppm
Xylene Dizziness, excitement, CNS, URI 100 ppm 1000 ppm
* Potential symptoms at or above TLV. ** 1998(14); IDLH from (13); "IC" indicates an Intended Change in the TLV; "Car." indicates suspected
known human carcinogen; "(skin)", absorption hazard. Source/How-to-use: (3, 13,14,19)
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