Buildings of Medieval Europe: Studies in Social and Landscape Contexts of Medieval Buildings

164 Pages·2018·96.91 MB·English

by  Duncan Berryman, Sarah Kerr

Buildings of
Medieval Europe
Studies in social and landscape contexts of
medieval buildings
Edited by
Duncan Berryman and Sarah Kerr
Oxford & Philadelphia
Published in the United Kingdom in 2018 by
OXBOW BOOKS
The Old Music Hall, 106–108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE
and in the United States by
OXBOW BOOKS
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© Oxbow Books and the individual authors 2018
Paperback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-971-5
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-972-2 (epub)
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944548
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Front cover: Petrapilosa, Croatia, by Josip Višnjić
Back cover: Byzantine style church uncovered in Alba Iulia, Romania, by Daniela Marcu Istrate
Contents
List of fi gures ......................................................................................................................  v
List of contributors ............................................................................................................ vii
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................  1
Duncan Berryman and Sarah Kerr
Part 1 Britain and Scandinavia ...................................................................................    9
2. A key, an axe and a gridiron: Medieval Finnish brickmakers’
marks as symbols of identity ....................................................................................   11
Ilari Aalto
3. The medieval and early post-medieval weighing houses at
Gammel Strand, Copenhagen, Denmark .................................................................   29
Stuart Whatley
4. Medieval roof trusses in the Swedish landscape of Väs tergöt land ...................   49
Robin Gullbrandsson
5. The medieval hospitals of England: Structuring charity and faith
through hierarchies of space ....................................................................................   61
Martin Huggon
Part 2 Central and Eastern Europe............................................................................. 83
6. A house within the settlement: Early Byzantine ‘urban life’ in
a small-scale house? ...................................................................................................   85
Miriam Steinborn
7. Medieval churches in a borderland: The case of Transylvania .......................... 97
Daniela Marcu Istrate
iv Contents
8. Petrapilosa: The architectural and historical
development of the structure .................................................................................. 115
Josip Višn jić
9. The formation of the three-compartment rural house in
medieval Central Europe as a cultural synthesis of diff erent
building traditions ..................................................................................................... 139
Pavel Vaře ka
List of fi gures
Fig. 2.1 The medieval Diocese of Turku and locations mentioned
Fig. 2.2 Buildings in Turku region mentioned in the text
Fig. 2.3 Brickmakers’ marks
Fig. 2.4 A . All Saints Chapel in Turku Cathedral was built in the late fi fteenth century. Several
brickmakers’ marks are visible on its outer wall; B. marks representing keys on the
wall of Turku Cathedral’s All Saints Chapel
Fig. 2.5 F east days of saints marked in rune staves with the corresponding saint’s attribute
Fig. 2.6 A . St Lawrence depicted with his attribute gridiron on the wall of Maaria Church
(Turku) B. The gridiron mark in Turku Castle
Fig. 3.1 C lose detail from the 1840 daguerreotype photo of Gammel Strand, depicting the
weighing house of 1581
Fig. 3.2 L ocation of Gammel Strand, Copenhagen, Denmark
Fig. 3.3 B rick and stone sub-base uncovered beneath the eastern wall Northern and Southern
Rooms of the possible Late Medieval Weighing House
Fig. 3.4 Truncated wooden fl oor within Room 1 of the Late Medieval weighing house
Fig. 3.5 Cellar from Room 2 of the Late Medieval weighing house G389
Fig. 3.6 Decorated vessel from Siegburg portraying the arms of Queen Elizabeth 1st
Fig. 3.7 Section of the earliest map of Copenhagen showing the Gammel Strand area
Fig. 3.8 Resens Map of Copenhagen, 1674
Fig. 3.9 Plan of the possible Early post-medieval weighing house
Fig. 3.10 Internal view of the northern foundation wall of the post-medieval weighing house
Fig. 3.11 Fadenrippenbecher Glass from Bohemia
Fig. 3.12 Pingsdorf type ceramic horn, 1200–1300
Fig. 3.13 Oak posts from a Late Medieval bulwark in the main excavation, central area
Fig. 3.14 F inely preserved Siegburg jugs found amongst Medieval rubbish discarded into the
former harbour, c. 1300–1550
Fig. 3.15 Photo of the 1583 harbour wall and the 1566/7 dendrochronologically dated bulwarks
Fig. 3.16 Glass stem of 17th century Römer drinking vessel decorated with raspberry prunts
Fig. 3.17 Base shard from a Chinese porcelain dish of Kraak type, c. 1580–1650
Fig. 4.1 M ap of the Swedish landscape Västergötland, showing churches with preserved
medieval roof trusses or traces of such
Fig. 4.2 Crossed strut-beam roof trusses over the nave in Sveneby church
Fig. 4.3 C rossed strut-beam roof truss over the nave of Marum church, dated with
dendrochronology to the 1140s
Fig. 4.4 Cutting with sprätthuggning on tie beam in oblique lightning, Kestad church
Fig. 4.5 Roof truss with two canted struts with tenons in the nave of Götene church
Fig. 4.6 Detail of crossed strut-beams with decorate joints in the nave of Gökhem church
Fig. 4.7 Decorate ridge purlin in the nave of Ljungsarp church
Fig. 4.8 T he tie beams of the choir in Kinne-Vedum church have traces for mountings of
liturgical bells
Fig. 4.9 Romanesque relief on wall plate of the choir in Skalunda church
Fig. 5.1 Plan of the main archaeological features of St Mary Spital, c. 1280–1320
Fig. 5.2 Plan of the main archaeological features of St Mary Spital, c. 1400–1538
Fig. 5.3 P lan of the main archaeological features of St Bartholomew, Bristol, c. 1280–1320.
The four sides of an irregular courtyard were formed by Building 1A (the chapel),
vi List of fi gures
Building 8 (the presumed guest quarters and staff dormitory), Building 2A (the
kitchen and refectory), and Lewins Mead
Fig. 5.4 Plan of the main archaeological features of St Bartholomew, Bristol, c. 1340–1400
Fig. 5.5 Plan of the principal buildings at St Mary, Ospringe
Fig. 6.1 B23, activity zones
Fig. 6.2 U rban structure of the upper town with Acropolis and neighbouring houses of B23,
Caričin Grad
Fig. 6.3 Knives and reaping hook found in B23
Fig. 7.1 Map of Transylvania showing the localities mentioned in the text
Fig. 7.2 M ap of Alba Iulia Fortress, showing the location of the medieval churches, in the
south-western corner of the Roman castrum
Fig. 7.3 Medieval churches in Alba Iulia
Fig. 7.4 The apse of the round church, marked inside of St Michael’s Cathedral
Fig. 7.5 G eneral view of the site: St. Michael’s Roman-Catholic Cathedral and the ruins of
the Byzantine-style church
Fig. 7.6 G eneral view of the Byzantine-style church at the end of the archaeological
investigation
Fig. 7.7 P lan of the Byzantine-style church, including some of the graves that cut into its
foundations
Fig. 7.8 The apse and the northern wall of the church, as seen from the north-west
Fig. 7.9 A lba Iulia, hypothetic restitution of the ground plan of the Byzantine-style church;
Bodrum Camii; Pliska, one of the palace churches and Modrá
Fig. 7.10 Graves cut into the foundation of the south-western corner of the pillared church
Fig. 7.11 S t Michael’s Roman-Catholic Cathedral, preserving the remains of the round church
and of the fi rst cathedral
Fig. 8.1 A map of Istria indicating the position of the Petrapilosa estate
Fig. 8.2 Aerial view of Petrapilosa from the south
Fig. 8.3 Ground plan of the fortifi cation
Fig. 8.4 Aerial view of Petrapilosa from the north
Fig. 8.5 The Church of St Mary Magdalene
Fig. 8.6 A typical cross-section of a site
Fig. 8.7 T he typological classifi cation of cooking ware rims from layers researched in the
palace area
Fig. 8.8 T he stratigraphy of the northern wall of the interior of the fortifi cation with the
accompanying Harris matrix
Fig. 8.9 A conceptual reconstruction of the fortifi cation in its fi rst phase of development
Fig. 8.10 A conceptual reconstruction of the fortifi cation in its second phase of development
Fig. 8.11 A conceptual reconstruction of the fortifi cation in its third phase of development
Fig. 8.12 A conceptual reconstruction of the fortifi cation in its fi fth phase of development
Fig. 8.13 A conceptual reconstruction of the fortifi cation in its sixth phase of development
Fig. 8.14 A conceptual reconstruction of the fortifi cation in its eighth phase of development
Fig. 8.15 A conceptual reconstruction of the fortifi cation in its eleventh phase of development
Fig. 9.1 C omparison of house forms of the Germanic (1) and Slavic (2–3) building tradition. 1.
A large Germanic byre house accommodating both dwelling and economic functions
under the same roof 2–3. Sunken and surface small one-compartment dwelling house
of the Slavic world (Malina & Vařeka)
Fig. 9.2 Three-compartment houses in Central Europe in the 13th–15th centuries
Fig. 9.3 Typology of the granary/storage sub-type of the three-compartment house in
Bohemia and Moravia with access schemes
Fig. 9.4 H avlíčkův Brod. Three-compartment house of a corner timbered construction
provided with a daub plaster (16th century)
List of contributors
ILARI AALTO MIRIAM STEINBORN
University of Turku, Finland Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz,
Germany
ROBIN GULLBRANDSSON
Västergötlands Museum, Sweden PAVEL VAŘEKA
University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
MARTIN HUGGON
University of Sheffi eld, United Kingdom JOSIP VIŠNJIĆ
Croatian Conservation Institute, Croatia
DANIELA MARCU ISTRATE
‘Vasile Pârvan’ Institute of Archaeology, STUART WHATLEY
Bucharest, Romania Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark

Chapter 1
Introduction
Duncan Berryman and Sarah Kerr
This volume brings together a range of innovative studies of medieval buildings from
across Europe. The concept for this work and the resulting papers began life as a session
at the 2016 annual conference of the European Archaeological Association in Vilnius,
Lithuania. Due to the range and quality of papers it was decided that publication
was required to bring the new studies to a wider audience than could fi t into the
conference room during the session. The intention of the session was to provide a focus
for discussion of medieval buildings from an archaeological perspective, particularly
presenting new approaches to buildings and highlighting recent excavations and
surveys. The majority of papers presented at the session are included in this collection.
This volume is the result of considerable interest in the topic and includes papers
from across Europe; a particular strength is the contributions from eastern Europe,
which is often underrepresented in the literature of western Europe. This book
is not a survey of building types across Europe or an in-depth study of European
architecture; it aims to be a starting point for wider discussions of medieval buildings.
The studies presented here highlight new methods and directions for the discipline
and it is hoped that they will stimulate debate within medieval building scholarship.
Since the session in 2016, there has been a subsequent session at the 2017 European
Archaeological Association in Maastricht, The Netherlands, and similar sessions are
planned for future conferences. These sessions and publications provide welcome
opportunities to discuss and explore the subject of medieval buildings and expand
our knowledge with new discoveries.
The papers in this book have been divided into two parts based on their geographic
focus. The fi rst part looks at Scandinavia and Britain; while the second concentrates
on central and eastern Europe. This structure brings together complimentary papers
and reveals similarities and contrasts across Europe. The papers span a range of social