Table Of ContentBUILDING DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
HANDBOOK
Frederick S. Merritt (Deceased)
Editor
Jonathan T. Ricketts
Editor
Sixth Edition
McGRAW-HILL
NewYork SanFrancisco Washington,D.C. Auckland Bogota´
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan
Montreal NewDelhi SanJuan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Buildingdesignandconstructionhandbook / FrederickS.Merritt,editor,
JonathanT.Ricketts,editor.—6thed.
p. cm.
ISBN0-07-041999-X
1. Building—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Merritt,FrederickS.
II. Ricketts,JonathanT.
TH151.B825 2000
690—dc21 00-058388
Copyright(cid:1)2001,1994,1982,1975,1965,1958byTheMcGraw-HillCom-
panies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopart
of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any formorby any
means,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwritten
permissionofthepublisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
ISBN0-07-041999-X
ThesponsoringeditorforthisbookwasLarryS.Hagerandthe
productionsupervisorwasSherriSouffrance.ItwassetinTimesRoman
byPro-ImageCorporation.
PrintedandboundbyR.R.Donnelley&SonsCompany.
McGraw-Hillbooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspre-
miumsandsalespromotions,orforuseincorporatetrainingprograms.For
moreinformation,pleasewritetotheDirectorofSpecialSales,Professional
Publishing,McGraw-Hill,TwoPennPlaza,NewYork,NY10121-2298.Or
contactyourlocalbookstore.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by The
McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.(‘‘McGraw-Hill’’)fromsourcesbe-
lievedtobereliable.However,neitherMcGraw-Hillnoritsauthors
guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information pub-
lished herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be
responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of
use of this information. This work is published with the under-
standing that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying infor-
mationbutarenotattemptingtorenderengineeringorotherpro-
fessional services. If such services are required,the assistanceof
anappropriateprofessionalshouldbesought.
CONTRIBUTORS
DavidJ.Akers CivilEngineer,SanDiego,California(SECT.4:BuildingMaterials)
James M. Bannon Chief Electrical Engineer, STV Incorporated, Douglassville, Pennsyl-
vania(SECT.15:ElectricalSystems)
Robert F.Borg Chairman, Kreisler Borg Florman General Construction Company,Scars-
dale,NewYork(SECT.17:ConstructionProjectManagement)
Robert W. Day Chief Engineer, American Geotechnical, San Diego, California (SECT. 6:
SoilMechanicsandFoundations)
Steven D. Edgett Edgett-Williams Consulting Group, Mill Valley, California (SECT. 16:
VerticalCirculation)
DaveFlickinger NationalRoofingContractorsAssociation(NRCA),TechnicalServiceSec-
tion,Rosemont,Illinois(SECT.12:RoofSystems)
Gregory P. Gladfelter Gladfelter Engineering Group, Kansas City, Missouri (SECT. 14:
Plumbing—Water-Supply,Sprinkler,andWastewaterSystems)
BruceGlidden President,Glidden&Co.,Ltd.,Bridgeville,Pennsylvania(SECT.7:Structural
SteelConstruction)
David P. Gustafson Vice President of Engineering, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,
Schaumburg,Illinois(SECT.9:ConcreteConstruction)
AlanD.Hinklin Director,Skidmore,Owings&Merrill(SECT.2:TheBuildingTeam)
Edward S. Hoffman President, Edward S. Hoffman, Ltd., Structural Engineers, Chicago
(SECT.9:ConcreteConstruction)
LawrenceE.McCabe ChiefEngineer—MechanicalSTVGroup,Douglassville,Pennsylva-
nia(SECT.13:Heating,Ventilation,andAirConditioning)
FrederickS.Merritt ConsultingEngineer,WestPalmBeach,Florida(SECT.11:Wall,Floor,
andCeilingSystems)
David W. Mock Gee & Jenson, West Palm Beach, Florida (SECT. 3: Protection against
Hazards
ColmanJ.Mullin SeniorEstimator,BechtelCorporation,SanFrancisco,California(SECT.
19:ConstructionCostEstimating)
Tom Nevling, RCDD Independent Consultant, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (SECT. 18: Com-
municationsSystems)
BrianL.Olsen Poole Fire ProtectionEngineering,Inc.,Olathe,Kansas(SECT.14:Plumb-
ing—Water-Supply,Sprinkler,andWastewaterSystems)
JonathanT.Ricketts ConsultingEngineer,PalmBeachGardens,Florida(SECT.1:System
Fundamentals)
John‘‘Buddy’’Showalter AmericanForest&PaperAssociation,Washington,D.C.(SECT.
10:WoodConstruction)
xxi
xxii CONTRIBUTORS
Akbar Tamboli, Michael Xing, Mohsin Ahmed Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers, Newark,
NewJersey(SECT.5:StructuralTheory)
Allen M. Williams Edgett-Williams Consulting Group, Mill Valley, California (SECT. 16:
VerticalCirculation)
Thomas G. Williamson APA—The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, Washington
(SECT.10:WoodConstruction)
DonS.Wolford ConsultingEngineer,Middletown,Ohio(SECT.8:Cold-FormedSteelCon-
struction)
Wei-Wen Yu Univesity of Missouri–Rolla, Rolla, Missouri (SECT. 8: Cold-Formed Steel
Construction)
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Frederick S. Merritt (deceased) was a consulting engineer for many years, with
experienceinbuildingandbridgedesign,structuralanalysis,andconstructionman-
agement.AFellowoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersandaSeniorMem-
ber of ASTM, he was a former senior editor of Engineering News-Record and an
author/editor of many books, including McGraw-Hill’s Standard Handbook for
CivilEngineersandStructuralSteelDesigner’sHandbook.
Jonathan T. Ricketts is a consulting engineer with broad experience in general
civilengineeringenvironmentaldesignandconstructionmanagement.Aregistered
engineerinseveralstates,heisanactivememberoftheAmericanSocietyofCivil
Engineers, the National Society of Professional Engineers, the American Water
WorksAssociation,andiscoeditorofMcGraw-Hill’sStandardHandbookforCivil
Engineers.
PREFACE
ThesixtheditionoftheBuildingDesignandConstructionHandbookmaintainsthe
originalobjectivesofpreviouseditionswhichgainedwidespreadacceptanceamong
users.Theseobjectivesaretoprovideinasinglevolumeacompendiumofthebest
of the current knowledge and practices in building design and construction.
This information would be of greatest use to those who haveto makedecisions
affectingtheselectionofengineeringmaterialsandconstructionmethods.Emphasis
isplacedonfundamentalprinciplesandpracticalapplications,withspecialattention
to simplified procedures. Frequent reference is made to other sources where addi-
tional authoritative information may be obtained, such as architectural and engi-
neering societies, manufacturers associations, and the Internet. An extensive index
is provided to assist the reader in locating topics within the book.
Many new contributors and sections have been added in this edition to provide
the reader with the latest developments and knowledge in the building industry.
These developments include the expansion of data technology and communication
systemswithin thebuildingsystem,revisionstowindandseismicloadings,andan
expansion of the information on fire sprinkler systems. To present the necessary
information in a single volume, obsolete and less-importantinformationintheear-
lier editions has been deleted.
The editor is very grateful to the contributors, not only for their care, skill, and
knowledge used in preparing the sections, but also for their considerablesacrifices
of personal time to prepare the sections.
Jonathan T. Ricketts
xxiii
CONTENTS
Contributors xxi
Preface xxiii
Section 1 System Fundamentals JonathanT. Ricketts 1.1
1.1 PrinciplesofArchitecture / 1.1
1.2 SystemsDesignandAnalysis / 1.3
1.3 TraditionalDesignProcedures / 1.4
1.4 TraditionalConstructionProcedures / 1.5
1.5 RoleoftheClientinDesignandConstruction / 1.8
1.6 BuildingCosts / 1.8
1.7 MajorBuildingSystems / 1.9
1.8 ValueEngineering / 1.22
1.9 ExecutionofSystemsDesign / 1.29
1.10 BuildingCodes / 1.36
1.11 ZoningCodes / 1.38
1.12 OtherRegulations / 1.40
1.13 SystemsDesignbyTeam / 1.40
1.14 ProjectPeerReview / 1.41
1.15 ApplicationofSystemsDesign / 1.41
Section 2 The BuildingTeam-Managingthe BuildingProcess
Alan D. Hinklin 2.1
2.1 ProfessionalandBusinessRequirementsofArchitecturalEngineers / 2.2
2.2 ClientObjectivesforBuildings / 2.2
2.3 ProgramDefinition / 2.4
2.4 OrganizationoftheBuildingTeam / 2.4
2.5 Client-A/EAgreement / 2.6
2.6 A/ELiabilityandInsurance / 2.8
2.7 DefinitionofProjectPhases / 2.10
2.8 SchedulingandPersonnelAssignments / 2.11
2.9 AcceleratedDesignandConstruction / 2.12
2.10 DesignManagement / 2.13
2.11 InternalRecordKeeping / 2.14
2.12 CodesandRegulations / 2.14
2.13 Permits / 2.15
2.14 EnergyConservation / 2.16
2.15 TheInteriorEnvironment / 2.16
2.16 CostEstimatingandValueEngineering / 2.18
2.17 TechnicalSpecifications / 2.18
2.18 UpfrontDocuments / 2.22
2.19 QualityControlforArchitectsandEngineers / 2.23
2.20 BiddingandContractAward / 2.24
2.21 ConstructionScheduling / 2.24
2.22 ShopDrawingReview / 2.25
v
vi CONTENTS
2.23 RoleofArchitectorEngineerDuringConstruction / 2.26
2.24 TestingandBalancingofBuildingSystems / 2.29
2.25 PostconstructionOperationandMaintenance / 2.29
2.26 RecordDrawings / 2.30
2.27 Follow-UpInterviews / 2.30
2.28 ManagementofDisputes / 2.30
2.29 ProfessionalEthics / 2.31
Section 3 Protectionagainst Hazards DavidW. Mock 3.1
3.1 RiskManagement / 3.1
3.2 WindProtection / 3.3
3.3 ProtectionagainstEarthquakes / 3.11
3.4 ProtectionagainstWater / 3.15
3.5 ProtectionagainstFire / 3.28
3.6 LightningProtection / 3.48
3.7 ProtectionagainstIntruders / 3.50
Section 4 BuildingMaterials DavidJ. Akers 4.1
CEMENTITIOUSMATERIALS
4.1 TypesofCementitiousMaterials / 4.1
4.2 PortlandCements / 4.2
4.3 AluminousCements / 4.5
4.4 NaturalCements / 4.6
4.5 Limes / 4.6
4.6 Low-TemperatureGypsumDerivatives / 4.8
4.7 OxychlorideCements / 4.9
4.8 MasonryCements / 4.9
4.9 FlyAshes / 4.9
4.10 SilicaFume(Microsilica) / 4.10
AGGREGATES
4.11 Normal-WeightAggregates / 4.11
4.12 HeavyweightandLightweightAggregates / 4.14
ADMIXTURESFORCONCRETE
4.13 ChemicalandMineralAdmixtures / 4.14
4.14 FibersforConcreteMixes / 4.18
4.15 MiscellaneousAdmixtures / 4.19
MORTARSANDCONCRETES
4.16 Mortars / 4.19
4.17 Portland-CementConcrete / 4.21
4.18 PolymerConcretes / 4.26
4.19 ConcreteMasonryUnits / 4.27
BURNED-CLAYUNITS
4.20 Brick-ClayorShale / 4.28
4.21 StructuralClayTile / 4.30
4.22 CeramicTiles / 4.32
4.23 ArchitecturalTerraCotta / 4.32
BUILDINGSTONES
4.24 PropertiesofBuildingStones / 4.32
4.25 FreezingandThawingofStone / 4.35
CONTENTS vii
GYPSUMPRODUCTS
4.26 Gypsumboard / 4.35
4.27 GypsumLath / 4.37
4.28 GypsumSheathingBoard / 4.37
4.29 GypsumPartitionTileorBlock / 4.37
4.30 GypsumPlank / 4.37
GLASSANDGLASSBLOCK
4.31 WindowGlass / 4.38
4.32 GlassBlock / 4.40
WOOD
4.33 MechanicalPropertiesofWood / 4.44
4.34 EffectsofHygroscopicPropertiesofWood / 4.44
4.35 CommercialGradesofWood / 4.46
4.36 DestroyersandPreservatives / 4.48
4.37 GluesandAdhesivesforWood / 4.50
4.38 PlywoodandOtherFabricatedWoodBoards / 4.51
4.39 WoodBibliography / 4.52
STEELANDSTEELALLOYS
4.40 TypesofIronsandSteels / 4.52
4.41 PropertiesofStructuralSteels / 4.58
4.42 HeatTreatmentandHardeningofSteels / 4.61
4.43 EffectsofGrainSize / 4.62
4.44 SteelAlloys / 4.62
4.45 WeldingFerrousMaterials / 4.68
4.46 EffectsofSteelProductionMethods / 4.70
4.47 EffectsofHotRolling / 4.72
4.48 EffectsofPunchingandShearing / 4.73
4.49 CorrosionofIronandSteel / 4.74
4.50 SteelandSteelAlloyBibliography / 4.75
ALUMINUMANDALUMINUM-BASEDALLOYS
4.51 Aluminum-AlloyDesignations / 4.75
4.52 FinishesforAluminum / 4.76
4.53 StructuralAluminum / 4.76
4.54 WeldingandBrazingofAluminum / 4.77
4.55 BoltedandRivetedAluminumConnections / 4.79
4.56 PreventionofCorrosionofAluminum / 4.79
4.57 AluminumBibliography / 4.80
COPPERANDCOPPER-BASEDALLOYS
4.58 Copper / 4.80
4.59 Brass / 4.81
4.60 NickelSilvers / 4.82
4.61 Cupronickel / 4.83
4.62 Bronze / 4.83
4.63 CopperBibliography / 4.84
LEADANDLEAD-BASEDALLOYS
4.64 ApplicationsofLead / 4.84
4.65 LeadBibliography / 4.85
NICKELANDNICKEL-BASEDALLOYS
4.66 PropertiesofNickelandItsAlloys / 4.85
4.67 NickelBibliography / 4.86
PLASTICS
4.68 GeneralPropertiesofPlastics / 4.86
4.69 FillersandPlasticizers / 4.87
4.70 MoldingandFabricatingMethodsforPlastics / 4.87
viii CONTENTS
4.71 ThermosettingPlastics / 4.88
4.72 ThermoplasticResins / 4.90
4.73 Elastomers,orSyntheticRubbers / 4.92
COMBINATIONOFPLASTICSANDOTHERMATERIALS
4.74 High-PressureLaminates / 4.93
4.75 ReinforcedPlastics / 4.93
4.76 LaminatedRubber / 4.94
4.77 PlasticsBibliography / 4.95
PORCELAIN-ENAMELEDPRODUCTS
4.78 PorcelainEnamelonMetal / 4.96
4.79 PorcelainBibliography / 4.96
ASPHALTANDBITUMINOUSPRODUCTS
4.80 AsphaltsforDampproofingandWaterproofing / 4.97
4.81 BituminousRoofing / 4.97
4.82 AsphaltShingles / 4.98
4.83 AsphaltMasticsandGrouts / 4.99
4.84 BituminousPavements / 4.99
4.85 AsphaltBibliography / 4.99
JOINTSEALS
4.86 CalkingCompounds / 4.100
4.87 Sealants / 4.100
4.88 Gaskets / 4.101
4.89 JointSealsBibliography / 4.101
PAINTSANDOTHERCOATINGS
4.90 VehiclesorBinders / 4.102
4.91 PigmentsforPaints / 4.103
4.92 ResinsforPaints / 4.104
4.93 CoatingsBibliography / 4.105
Section 5 Structural Theory AkbarTamboli,Michael Xing,
and MohsinAhmed 5.1
5.1 DesignLoads / 5.2
5.2 StressandStrain / 5.17
5.3 StressesataPoint / 5.24
5.4 Torsion / 5.28
5.5 StraightBeams / 5.30
5.6 CurvedBeams / 5.52
5.7 BucklingofColumns / 5.58
5.8 Graphic-StaticsFundamentals / 5.62
5.9 RoofTrusses / 5.63
5.10 GeneralToolsforStructuralAnalysis / 5.67
5.11 ContinuousBeamsandFrames / 5.78
5.12 LoadDistributiontoBentsandShearWalls / 5.101
5.13 Finite-ElementMethods / 5.110
5.14 StressesinArches / 5.115
5.15 Thin-ShellStructures / 5.119
5.16 Cable-SupportedStructures / 5.128
5.17 Air-StabilizedStructures / 5.138
5.18 StructuralDynamics / 5.140
5.19 EarthquakeLoads / 5.162
5.20 FloorVibrations / 5.183
5.21 WissandParmeleeRatingFactorforTransientVibrations / 5.185
5.22 Reiher-MeisterScaleforSteady-StateVibrations / 5.186
5.23 MurrayCriterionforWalkingVibrations / 5.188
