Building Applications for Embedded ARM

761 Pages·2005·6.7 MB·English

MULTI: Building Applications for
Embedded ARM
Green Hills Software, Inc.
30 West Sola Street
Santa Barbara, California 93101
USA
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
www.ghs.com
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PubID:10379
October24, 2005
Contents
1 Introduction 1
The MULTI Integrated Development Environment 2
The MULTI Launcher 4
MULTI Workspaces 5
The MULTI 4.0 Document Set 6
About This Book 7
The MULTI Builder 8
The C and C++ Compiler Driver 9
The Optimizing Compilers 9
The asarm Assembler 10
The ax Librarian 10
The elxr Linker 11
Optimized Libraries and Header Files 11
Utility Programs 11
The CodeBalance Optimization Wizard 11
ARM Recommended Reading 12
Online Help 13
Viewing Help on Windows Systems 13
Viewing Help on UNIX Systems 14
Conventions Used in This Book 15
Part I Using the MULTI Builder and
Compiler Drivers
2 The MULTI Builder 19
Starting the Builder 22
The Build Cycle 23
Creating a New Project: The New Project Wizard 24
Selecting a Target 24
Selecting a Project 25
Setting Link Options 26
Setting C Language Options 27
Setting C++ Language Options 28
Setting Optimizations and Run-Time Checks 29
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Contents
Opening the New Project in the MULTI Debugger 30
Working with Project Files 31
Green Hills Project Files 31
Builder File Types 32
Creating New Project Files 34
Adding Existing Source Files To Your Project 35
Creating New Source Files For Your Project 35
Linking with a Library that is Built with Your Project 36
Linking with a Pre-Built Library 37
Adding Header Files 37
Changing File Types 38
Editing the Project Hierarchy 38
Editing Project Files 39
Searching for Project Files 40
Searching in Files 40
Working with Linker Directives Files 43
Setting Builder Options 50
The Options Window 50
Setting Build Option Macros 58
Importing Environment Variables 60
Inheriting Options from Parent Build Files 61
Setting Options for Projects and Subprojects 61
Setting Options for Source Files 61
Building Your Project 62
Using the File Shortcut Bar 63
Building Platform-Specific Programs from the
Same Source Files 64
3 The Compiler Driver 65
The Compiler Driver Syntax 67
Building an Executable from C or C++ Source Files 68
Working with Input Files 69
Recognized Input File Types 69
Passing Multiple Input File Types to the Driver 70
Passing Linker Directives Files to the Driver 70
Generating Other Output File Types 71
Creating Libraries 72
Adding and Updating Files in Libraries 72
Driver Options for Intermediate Forms of Output 73
ii MULTI: Building Applications for Embedded ARM
Contents
Recognized Output File Types 74
Controlling Driver Information 75
Using a Driver Options File 76
Using makefiles 78
Generating Dependency and Header File Information 81
4 Developing for ARM 83
ARM Characteristics 84
Register Usage 85
Structure Packing 86
Specifying an ARM Target 89
ARM Processor Variants 90
Generating Debugging Information 91
Obtaining Profiling Information 93
Optimizing Your Executable 95
Reducing Program Size 95
Increasing Program Speed 95
Using Your Own Header Files and Libraries 96
Instructing the Compiler to Search for Your Headers 96
Instructing the Compiler to Link Against Your
Libraries 99
Controlling the Assembler 99
Controlling the Linker 100
Thumb Mode 101
Mixed ARM/Thumb 102
Working with Memory Models 106
Program Sections 106
Position Independent Code (PIC) 112
Position Independent Data (PID) 114
Near and Far Function Calls 115
Storing Global Variables in Registers 118
Customizing the Green Hills Run-Time Environment 119
Other Topics 120
Renaming the Output Executable 120
Specifying an Alternate Program Start Address 120
Writing Interrupt Routines 120
Symbolic Memory-Mapped I/O 122
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Viewpathing: Setting Relative Workspace Paths 123
Advanced Optimization Strategies 127
5 Builder and Driver Options 129
Target Options 131
Floating-Point 132
Memory Models 133
Instruction Set 135
Operating System 135
Project Options 140
Optimization Options 143
Optimization Scope 144
Individual Functions 146
Debugging Options 147
Preprocessor Options 150
C/C++ Compiler Options 151
MISRA C 154
Data Types 163
Alignment & Packing 165
C/C++ Data Allocation 166
Special Tokens 167
C++ 169
Assembler Options 180
Linker Options 183
Linker Optimizations 186
Start and End Files 187
Symbols 188
Linker Output Analysis 189
Link-Time Checking 190
Compiler Diagnostics Options 191
Varying Message Format 192
C/C++ Messages 192
Advanced Options 197
Advanced Target Options 197
Advanced Project Options 198
Advanced Optimization Options 203
Advanced Debugging Options 206
Advanced Preprocessor Options 210
iv MULTI: Building Applications for Embedded ARM
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Advanced C/C++ Compiler Options 212
Advanced Assembler Options 216
Advanced Linker Options 216
Advanced Support Diagnostics Options 219
Driver Option Synonyms 220
6 The Builder GUI Reference 223
The File Menu 224
The Edit Menu 225
The Target Selector Dialog Box 228
The Build Menu 229
The Advanced Build Dialog Box 230
The Build Settings Dialog Box 231
The Connect Menu 232
The Debug Menu 233
The Tools Menu 234
The Utility Program Launcher Dialog Box 236
The Windows Menu 236
The Help Menu 237
Part II Using Advanced Tools
7 The asarm Assembler 241
Running the Assembler from the Builder or Driver 242
Generating Assembly Language Files 243
Running the Assembler Directly 243
Assembler Options 244
General Assembler Options 244
Assembler Syntax 245
Character Set 245
Identifiers 245
Reserved Symbols 246
Source Statements 249
Expressions 250
Assignment Statements 250
Scalar Expression Operators 251
Expression Types 252
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Type Combinations 252
Labels 253
Current Location 253
Reading the Compiler’s Assembly Output 254
Header Comment File 254
Function Comment Section 255
File Comment Section 255
Source Line Comments 255
Porting Guide for ARM Limited Assembly 256
Driver and Builder Options 256
Assembler Options 256
Support for ARM Ltd. Syntax 257
Support for ARM Ltd. Variables 258
Support for ARM Ltd. Expressions 258
Support for ARM Ltd. Directives 259
ARM Address Operators 263
8 Assembler Directives 265
Alignment Directives 266
Conditional Assembly Directives 267
Data Initialization Directives 268
File Inclusion Directives 269
Macro Definition Directives 269
Repeat Block Directives 271
Section Control Directives 272
Symbol Definition Directives 273
Symbolic Debugging Directives 275
Miscellaneous Directives 276
9 The elxr Linker 277
Running the Linker from the Builder or Driver 278
Running the Linker Directly 279
Linker Options 280
Specifying the Program Entry Point 284
Linker Directives Files 285
The OPTION Directive 287
The CONSTANTS Directive 287
vi MULTI: Building Applications for Embedded ARM
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Memory Maps (the MEMORY Directive) 288
Section Maps (the SECTIONS Directive) 289
Expressions 295
Modifying your Section Map for Speed or Size 297
Customizing the Run-Time Environment Program
Sections 299
Symbol Definitions 302
Beginning, End, and Size of Section Symbols 302
End of Function Symbols 303
Linker Generated Tables 304
Deleting Unused Functions 305
Advanced Linker Features 307
Code Factoring 307
Compressed ROM 309
Section-information Section (.secinfo) 310
Obtaining Run-Time Section Information 310
Run-Time Clear and Copy Tables 310
Porting to the elxr Linker from the old lx Linker 311
Working with ARM ADS Object Files 312
10 The ax Librarian 313
Creating a Library from the Builder 314
Creating a Library from the Compiler Driver 314
Modifying Libraries 315
Librarian Commands 315
Creating and Updating Tables of Contents 317
11 Utility Programs 319
The gasmlist Utility Program 321
The gbin2c Utility Program 325
Global Options 325
Module Inclusion Options 327
Local Options 327
The gbincmp Utility Program 333
The gbldconvert Utility Program 335
The gbuild Utility Program 336
Using gbuild 339
The gcolor Utility Program 342
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Color Configuration Files 343
Rules Files 344
The gcompare Utility Program 346
The gdump Utility Program 349
Debugging File Options 349
ELF File Options 350
COFF File Options 353
BSD File Options 355
The gfile Utility Program 356
The gfunsize Utility Program 357
The ghexfile Utility Program 358
Address Space 359
Data Splitting 360
The ghide Utility Program 362
The gmemfile Utility Program 363
Data Splitting 365
The gnm Utility Program 370
General Options 370
ELF File Options 370
BSD File Options 371
Output Formats 372
The gpjmodify Utility Program 375
Editing Existing .gpj Files 375
Creating a New .gpj File 376
Generating a makefile 377
The grun Utility Program 378
The gsize Utility Program 380
The gsrec Utility Program 382
S-Record Output Format 384
Data and Termination Records 384
Data Splitting 385
The gstack Utility Program 387
Caveats 388
The gstrip Utility Program 389
The gversion Utility Program 390
The gwhat Utility Program 392
Version Extract Mode 392
viii MULTI: Building Applications for Embedded ARM