Build Your Own Flight Sim in C++

672 Pages·1996·308.887 MB·English

by  Michael Radtke, Chris Lampton

THE WAITE GRO U-P.
YOUR OWN
LD
INCLUDES
SAMPLE
FLIGHT
fe]
SY]LV]Wy
AND
DEMOS
LONI DRA
SIMULATOR USING 00P
MICHAEL RADTKE
CHRISTOPHER LAMPTON
of
\
Press™
Waite Group
A Division of Sams Publishing
Corte Madera, (A
Publisher: MitchellWaite
Editor-in-Chief: Charles Drucker
Acquisitions Editor:Jill Pisoni
Editorial Director:John Crudo
ManagingEditor: Andrea Rosenberg
Content Editor: Harry Henderson
CopyEditor: Tynan Northrop
Technical Reviewer: André LaMothe
Production Director:Julianne Ososke
Production Manager: Cecile Kaufman
Cover Design: Sestina Quarequio
Cover Illustration: © Westlight
Chapter Opener Art: © Westlight
Hlustrations: Ben Long, Larry Wilson
Production: Christi Fryday,Judith Levinson
© 1996 byThe Waite Group, Inc.® Published by Waite Group Press", 200 Tamal Plaza, Corte Madera, CA94925.
Waite Group Press™ isa division ofSams Publishing,
Waite Group Press™ isdistributedto bookstores and book wholesalers by Publishers GroupWest, Box8843, Emeryville, CA94662,1-
800-788-3123 (in California 1-510-658-3453).
All rights reserved. No part ofthis manual shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, desktop publishing, recording, or otherwise, withoutwritten permission from the publisher. No patent liabili-
tfbyroooimsk,atshtsehuemuspeedubowfltihisthheerreiasnnpfodecrmtaauttotiohtnohrecauossnseutamoifnteehdenohinerrfeeoisrnpm.onastiiboinlityconfotarineerdrorhseroerin.omWishsiiloense.veNryeitphreerciasutiaonnyhlaiasbibleiteyntaasksuemneidntfhoerpdraempaagraestionresouftlthinigs
All terms mentioned in this book thatareknowntobe trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks are listed below. Inaddition,
termssuspected ofbeing trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Waite Group Press™
cannotattest to the accuracy ofthis information. Use ofa term in this book shouldnotbe regarded as affecting the validity ofany trade-
mark, registered trademark, or service mark.
The Waite Group isa registered trademark ofThe Waite Group, Inc. Waite Group PressandThe Waite Group logo aretrademarksofThe
Waite Group, Inc. Apple, Apple 11, and Macintosh are registered trademarksofApple Computer Inc. Amiga isa registered trademark of
Amiga Corporation. Atari is a registered trademark ofAtari Corporation. Atari 800 and Atari ST are trademarks of Atari Corporation.
Borland and Borland C++are registered trademarksof Borland International, Inc. Chuck YeagersAirCombatisatrademarkof Electronic
Arergtsi.sterCeodmmtroaddoermeark64oifs aEletcrtardoenmicarkArtos.fAF-m1i9gaSteCaoltrhporFaitgihotner.isDr.aDtorabdb'esmJoaurkrnaolfisMaicrtoraPdroesmearSkofotwfaMrei,lleIrnc.FrFeeamlcoann, 3I.n0c.anEdleTctertornisicarAerttsradise-a
marks of Spectrum Holobyte. Flight Simulator, Flight Simulator 2,and Flight Simulator 4are trademarks of SubLOGIC. IBMisa registered
trademark of International Business Machines, Inc. Jetfighter 11isa trademarkofVelocity Development. LucasArts Games isa trademark
ofLucasArts Entertainment Company, a subsidiary ofLucasfilm Ltd. MegaortressisatrademarkofPacific. MicroProse isa registered trade-
mark of MicroProse Software, Inc. Microsoft isa registered trademarkof Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Flight Simulator isatrademark
ol Microsoft Corporation. Secret Weapons ofthe Luftwaffeisatrademarkof LucasArts Games. Sierra Dynamix isatrademarkofSierra On-
line. Spectrum Holobyte isa trademark of Sphere, Inc. TRS-80 Model1isa trademark ofRadio Shack, a division of Tandy Corporation.
Velocity isatrademarkofVelocity Development. All other productnamesare trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of their
respective owners,
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
96907989910987654321
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Radtke, Michael.
Build your own flight sim inC++/ Michael Radtke, Chris Lampton.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Flights offantasy. 1993.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 1-57169-022-0 : $39.99
1. Flight simulators--Computer programs. 2. C++(Computer program language) 1. Lampton, Christopher.
IL. Lampton, Christopher. Flights offantasy. 111.Title.
TL712.5R32 1996
794.8' 75--dc20 69-11089
CIP
Dedication
Tothecontinued free exchange of ideas on the net.
th
‘Message from
Publi
WELCOME TO OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM
is
Some people say that the World Wide Web a graphical
extension of the information superhighway, just a network
ofhumansand machines sending each other long lists ofthe
equivalent ofdigitaljunk mail,
it
I think ismuch mor than that. To metheWeb is nothingless than the nervous sys-
tem of the entire planet—mnot just a collection of computer brains connected together,
but more like a billion sili neurons entangled and recirculating electro-chemical sig-
nals of information and data, each contributing to the birth of another CPU and
another Web site.
Think ofeach person’ haildisk connectedat onceto every other hard disk on earth,
driven by human navigators searching like Columbus for the New World. Seen this way
the Web is more ofasuper el tity, a growing, living thing, controlled by the universal
human will to expand, to bemore. Yet, unlike a purposeful business plan with rigid
rules, the Web expandsiin a nonlineat, unpredictable, creative way that echoes natural
evolution.
tobe part ofthissy ev 0experience,likeanervein the body, the flow
food chain ofthe mind. Your mind. Even more,
e
ative juices into this rich wine oftechnology.
ends
ney to any topic from convenience of your own screen. Right now we are
focusing on computerto but the stars are the limit on the Web.
If you are interested indise
finding out more about the Waite ¢ 200 Tamal Plaza
<
me email with your comments andLwill be happy to HOMEEHVEREEReRFIEDIS
respond. Being a prog myself, T love to talk [EEESECaEllS
about technology and find : t what our readers are 4I1C5 92T4 R2576 fax
looking for.
[email protected]
Sincerely, ner ETEeH
NEw, http: //www.waite.com/waite
Mitchell Waite, C.E.O. and Biblisher
CREATING THE HIGHEST QUALITY COMPUTER BOOKS IN THE INDUSTRY
Waite Group Press
Waite Group New Media
||
el
. > Fr i i
Come Visit rt
ie
WA E CO M
ER
g y
IF
1
—WelcometotheWaiteGroupPreassWorldWideWanSite.
a“TheWideGmoupPeesi&Horter otabooks Fefi»e
Press zeaeSg emt
Wa=ite Group mer eaSn
A
Bement
0S
World WEil de Web Si-te wveodtaopsAOYoffoordUT
Sennmarete Sh
OsEamppCRaOTrEsOiReTTreIPPSocEomoVArRAt(oe0fYMde)Re45 epr
Now find all the latest information on Waite Group books at our newWeb eresspAseut
site, http://www.waite.com/waite. You'll findan online catalog where you
can examine and order any title, review upcoming books, and send email
Bto our authors and editors. Ouir FTP site has all ynou need to updateyour book: the a
latest program listings, errata sheets, most recent versions of Fractint, POV Ray,
Polyray, DMorph, and all the programs featured inour books. So download,talk to
Aus, ask questions,Ron http://www.waite.com/waiteA. L
The New Arrivals Roomhas all our new books
listed by month. Just dlick fora description,
Index, Tableof Contents, and linksto authors.
The Backlist Room
hasallour hookslisted
alphabetically.
| LT TR
EO
you'll interact withWaite
HEIRNE
ETTTa
About WEP
Links to Cyberspace get
you in touchTwith oEther
EEE POTCL
Links to Cyberspace] and other interesting
(IRC
The FTPsite contains all 111 Subject OTROTRATGAT
RNR [ie
IOTdE pages which show description, Index,
The Order Roomis where of Contents, and linksto authors.
(youecann oerder anyofour
World Wide Web:
http://www.waite.com/waite
Gopher: gopher.waite.com
FTP: ftp.waite.com
About the Authors
Michael Radtke has worked with Waite Group Press for
three years in various capacities: technical editor, program-
mer and bug shooter. He holds a degree in both Human
Organizational Processes and Mathematics from Montclair
State University in New Jersey. Involved in software devel-
opment since 1982, he has programmed and/or designed
various shrink-wrapped software products for entertain-
ment, home productivity, and business. When he is not
programming, brainstorming, or pulling someones leg, he
plays piano for his own enjoyment.
Christopher Lampton is the author ofmore than 80 books for readers young and old.
These include 20 books on microcomputers and computer programming, including
introductory books on BASIC, Pascal, and assembly language programming, and four
books on computer graphics and animation programming. He has also written books
on topics as diverse as biotechnology, airline safety, underwater archaeology, sound,
astronom=y, dinosaurs, the origin of the universe, and predicting the course ofepi-
demics. He holds a degree in broadcast communications
from the University of Maryland, College Park, and has
worked both as a disk jockey and as a produceroftelevision
commercials for a Maryland TV station. When he is not
writing, programming, or indulging in his hobby as a fanatic
computer gamer, he serves as Associate Sysop (system oper-
ator) of the Game Publishers Forums (GAMPUB) on the
CompuServe Information Service. He is also the author of
Waite Group Presss Flights of Fantasy, Nanotechnology
Playhouse, and Gardens of Imagination.
.
.
....
Contents
|
Chapter 1: A Graphics Primer ........ 1
. .
Chapter 2: The Mathematics of Animation . . . . .........o......o...o... 23
............. 57
Chapter 3: Paintingin256 Colors.
. .
101
Chapter 4: Making It Move.
. . ...................
Chapter 5: Talking to the Computer... 123
...
163
Chapter 6: AllWired Up
. oo
...................
Chapter 7: From Two Dimensions to Three . . . . 213
.............. 249
Chapter 8: Polygon-Fill Graphics.
. .
291
Chapter 9: Faster and Faster.
. . . . . ....
Chapter 10: Hidden Surface Removal ............. ....... 319
. . . .
355
Chapter 11: Polygon Clipping . . . . ............
391
Chapter 12: Advanced Polygon Shading ..
. .
443
Chaptero13: The View System . e......
Chapter 14: Fractal Mountains and Other Types of Scenery. . . . 475
oe
513
Chapter 15: Sound Programming.
. .
......................
543
Chapter 16: The Flight Simulator. ..
. . .
Chapter 17: The Three-Dimensional Future. . . . ................... 595
Appendix A: Flying the Build Your Own Flight Sim in C++ Flight Simulator . 607
.. . 615
Appendix B: Bibliography
. .
Appendix C: Adding Music to the Flight Simulator . . . ............ 617
627
INARX
vii
.
|| .
- ; ....
Contents
Table of
-
gre = ire
=
a
Chapter 1: A Graphics Primer
The Descendants of Fligh,tSimo.ulatofr...,.......... .. Pie 1
GephicsapigGam0es. opal T. T 4
a0ae nn 5
SWtverus Graphics ooLLoLLat0ER 6
teProgammensView ey acsaan eLeam
6
ISRO VOR
LLLcDL ee 8
EM aapnicImprove Ta
Np MadesGslare,. Tcl Ea 8
9
«vr
The MeRmeosroyhutCioonmapnadctiCoonl..o.r D«epothv... 0. Ee Ea BAee da 1120
Bits, tes and BinaLry.a..LLLLeLlhT 12
MeO AddIesses . . ooc, E Tne eee 14
Porting atMemory.Lo0 L a ge 15
NEBRERd FAC...
HOWEmMapE Woork.sLaonL, TUaR pn 16
17
ACaiorBiinep.
oo. on meel sJ 18
Mode BhiMemory
. ch el Re 19
TheColoiPaidier
POSAMMIREIE VOR2. ... =ar = 19
iTe a 20
. ed
Chapter 2 The Mathematics of Animation ane 23
.
ComespncOaiommes. lie
a 26
ERCHen Pane... ..... «0. Sing
27
........................_
Geometry Meets Algebra mE
CodtdiniesontheComputer . .=. ., o.oo(0i, LiL To 0 2318
room Coordindtes to Pot Ofofsets... oso en
ole 32
MRR he Ongin, . ool i 33
intheAMdsriedssiDngimMeunltsiipolen.P..ilos, +t. v0hs a de ee Cn 33
34
Shapes, Solids, and Coordinates ........................
. . . 36
viii =
.
0
...
te
.
«oo
Table of Contents mmm
«Le
Three-Dimensional VErtices 38
. . . . .
40
Graphing EQUations.
. . . . . . .oo.
4
Solvingthe EQUAtion .
. . . . . oe
43
Fractals
. ©.
Transformations «ot ooo 43
© .«oo
Translating and Scaling o.oo 44
. . . ... . . .
Rotatingon X,Y, and Z 45
. . .
Doing What Comes Virtually. . . . . 47
Degrees versus Radians. .«.«. . . ooooo 48
49
Rotation FOrMUIAS. . . «© vo
Matrix AIBEDIa. . «ovoii.i 50
Building Matrices 51
. . . .
Multiplying Matrices. 51
. . .
Three Kinds of Rotation Matrices «vo 53
o. . . . ... oo
«ooo 54
Floating-Point Math
. . . . «oe
Chapter 3 Painting in 256 Colors ........................... 57
. ... LL.
Color Depth versus Resolution. 59
. . .
60
Getting inthe Mode
. . . . .
61
Doing It in Assembly Language. . . . . .
Assembly Language Pointers 62
. . . . .
AGsestteimngblyIt iLntaongauaRgeegisOtedrd.s .«an.d.E.ends. . .o«. . e.oo....e.o.o..... 6634
Passing Parameters to Assembly vLanguage Procedures...v 65
ovo
Accessing the Video BIOS . . . «. o.oo 67
Restoring theVideo Mode. ooo 69
. . . .
70
More about BItMAPS . . «+ © ov oe .o..o.. 7
Finding the Bitmap ee
. . . . .
Drawing Pictures in MEMOTY «oo 72
. . .
73
Clearing the SCrEeN . . +. oo
75
Lots and Lots of Colors «oo
. .
76
Setting the Palette.
aThe.Default Palette . .. . . . .«o.oo ..oo 77
. . . . .
SIOMNG BIMAPS . © + + ve ve eee a 79
«cco 80
Compressing BItmaps.
. . .
Graphics File Formats. a 82
. . . .
Inside @ PONE oovin vcinees ienle bcb eaadahs RiEaBig oe en, 82
APCUSHUGHIIE 83
RRF
me