Broadband Local Loops for High-Speed Internet Access (Artech House Telecommunications Library)

454 Pages·2003·3.56 MB·English

by  Maurice Gagnaire

Broadband Local Loops for
High-Speed Internet Access
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Broadband Local Loops for
High-Speed Internet Access
Maurice Gagnaire
ThisworkhasbeenpublishedwiththehelpoftheFrenchMinistèredela
Culture–Centrenationaldulivre.
Artech House
Boston (cid:127) London
www.artechhouse.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Gagnaire,Maurice.
Broadbandlocalloopsforhigh-speedInternetaccess/MauriceGagnaire.
p. cm.—(ArtechHousetelecommunicationslibrary)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-58053-089-3(alk.paper)
1. Localareanetworks(Computernetworks). 2. Broadbandcommunicationsystems.
3. Internetworking(Telecommunication). 4. Internet. I. Title. II. Series.
TK5105.7.G32 2003
004.6’8—dc21 2003049578
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Gagnaire,Maurice
Broadbandlocalloopsforhigh-speedInternetaccess.—
(ArtechHousetelecommunicationslibrary)
1.Broadbandcommunicationsystems 2. Localareanetworks(Computernetworks)
3.Internetworking
I.Title
621.3’82
ISBN1-58053-089-3
CoverdesignbyGaryRagaglia
©2003ARTECHHOUSE,INC.
685CantonStreet
Norwood,MA02062
Translated from the original French work Boucles d’accès hauts débits. Dégroupage et techniques
HDSL,ASDL,G-Lite,VDSLetVoDSL,©Dunod,Paris2001
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
maybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including
photocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermission
inwritingfromthepublisher.
Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshavebeen
appropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinformation.Useof
aterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrademarkorservice
mark.
InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-089-3
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003049578
10987654321
TomyspouseBrigitteandtomyparentsJean-ClaudeandMarie-Louise
.
Contents
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction xxiii
1 TelecommunicationsNetworkEvolution 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 TheInternetandItsAccessModes 1
1.2.1 AHistoricalPerspective 1
1.2.2 TheTwoTypesofAccesstotheInternet 4
1.3 QoSProvisioninginDataNetworks 6
1.3.1 QoSinATMNetworks 6
1.3.2 QoSinIPNetworks 7
1.4 IP-VPNs 16
1.5 ConclusionandPerspectives 18
References 18
SelectedBibliography 19
vii
viii BroadbandLocalLoopsforHigh-SpeedInternetAccess
2 ExistingInfrastructureandDial-UpModems 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Dial-UpModems 22
2.2.1 V.34bisModems 24
2.2.2 V.90Modems 28
2.2.3 V.92Modems 30
2.3 AccesstotheTelephoneSystem 31
2.3.1 TypicalConfigurationofPSTNAccessNetworks 31
2.3.2 PSTNNetworkDimensioning 32
2.4 LeasedLinesandBasicAccesstoNarrowbandISDN 33
2.4.1 CodecsandPCM 33
2.4.2 DigitalLeasedLines 34
2.4.3 ConstraintsfortheProvisionofE1/T1LLs 36
2.4.4 BasicAccesstoNarrowbandISDN 38
2.5 V5InterfaceandUnbundling 39
2.6 DigitalLoopCarrierandCarrierServingArea 41
2.7 Dial-UpModemsandErlang’sFormula 43
2.8 ConclusionandPerspective 44
References 44
SelectedBibliography 44
3 UnbundlingCharacteristicsandAlternative
Technologies 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 TheInterconnectionConcept 46
3.2.1 TheInterconnectionPrinciple 47
3.2.2 TheColocationProblem 48
3.2.3 DrawbacksofInterconnection 49
3.3 TheUnbundlingConcept 49
3.3.1 DistributionFrame’sUtility 49
3.3.2 UnbundlingDefinition 51
Contents ix
3.3.3 PartialUnbundlingforTelephonyServices
Provisioning 52
3.3.4 PartialUnbundlingforInternetAccessProvisioning 53
3.3.5 FullUnbundling 56
3.4 The“Churn”Problem 56
3.5 ColocationStatusinEuropeandinNorthAmerica 58
3.5.1 EuropeanMarket 58
3.5.2 NorthAmericanMarket 59
3.6 AlternativeTechnologiesfortheLocalLoop 60
3.6.1 WiredAlternatives 60
3.6.2 WirelessAlternatives 61
3.7 CableNetworks 63
3.7.1 HFCNetworkConfiguration 65
3.7.2 PhysicalLayer 66
3.7.3 ProtocolArchitecture 67
3.7.4 MACProtocol 70
3.8 PLC 75
3.9 ConclusionandPerspectives 76
References 77
SelectedBibliography 77
4 TwistedPairElectricalCharacteristics 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 ElectricalCharacteristicsofaCopperPair 80
4.2.1 AttenuationDistortion 81
4.2.2 LoadedTwistedPairs 83
4.2.3 PhaseDistortion 84
4.3 Shannon’sCapacityofaTwistedCopperPair 86
4.4 ElectricalCharacteristicsofaSubscriberLine 88
4.4.1 BridgeTaps 88
4.4.2 ImpulseNoises 91
4.4.3 ThermalNoise 93
4.4.4 RadioInterferences 94