British Imperialism in Cyprus, 1878–1915: The Inconsequential Possession

336 Pages·2009·10.851 MB·English

by  Andrekos Varnava

British imperialism in Cyprus artwork 3/3/09 10:06 am Page 1
British imperialism Birni tCisyhp riumsp earritalwiosrmk i n3 /C3yp/r0u9s a1r0t:w0or6k a m3 / 3P/a0g9e 110:06 am Page 1
British imperialism in Cyprus artwork 3/3/09 10:06 am Page 1
British imperialism in Cyprus artwork 3/3/09 10:06 am Page 1
British imperialism in Cyprus artwork 3/3/09 10:06 am Page 1
SSttuuddiieess iinn iimmppeerriiaalliissmm
SSttuuddiieess iinn iimmppeerriiaalliissmm
SSttuuddiieess iinn iimmppeerriiaalliissmm
General editor:John M.MacKenzie
SSttuuddGeiineeerssal eiidnnito r:iiJmmoSShttnppu uMeedd.rrMiieeiiasscaaK iillennniiz ssiiiemmmmppeerriiaalliissmm
SSttuuddiieess iinn iimmppeerriiaalliissmm
General editor: John M.MacKenzie General editor:John M.MacKenzie
General editor:John M.MacKenzie
General editor:John M.MacKenzie
This book explores the tTehniss iobonosk euxnpdloerersl ytihneg teBnrsiiotnissh u nidmerplyeinrgi aBlirsitmish iinm peCriyalpisrmu sin. Cyprus.
Much has been written aboMutu cthh hea sB breietnis whr iEttmenp aibroeu’ts tcheo Bnrsittirshu Ecmtipoirne ’so cuotnssitdruec tEioun roouptseid,e Europe,
yet there is little on the same themes in Britain’s tiny empire in ‘Europe’.This
This book exployreet st htehree ist elinttslieo nosn tuhned searsmtluyediy n teghx pelBmorreeisst wi sihnhe tBhiermri ttpaheien ar’ssis autlmiinspymti oe nmsi napn dirC fein ydipnin rg‘sEu musa.rdoep aeb’o.uTt himisperial rule
study explores whether theo uatssisdue mEuprotipoe nhso lda ntrdu ef iinn da i‘nEugrso pmeaand sep aaceb’o.ut imperial rule
Much has been written about the British Empire’s construction outside Europe,
This book exploroeust stihdee Etuenrosipoen sh ouldn dterurley ining aB ‘Eruitrisohp eiamnp sepraiacleis’m. in Cyprus.
yMetu cthh ehraes bies elnit twlerT ithotiesnn btahobeoo kus ta emtxhpeel oBtrhreietsims hteh Esem itnpeVei rxnaBerpsner’isanoiv tdcanaa osbicnl neh u’sasbrtn atrsctdu kienwcCrtyaylitpy oereirunn msb g’soy puepBxitrrrposeliigatdri ineseiisnhn sEg ‘ufhiErmooruwompr p etohear ep,i paeUel’inrs.ciomTenivh eJadiicsn k i mcCapmeyrepia rtl ou asfsl.yse ot vetor thane The inconsequential
syteutd tyh eerxep ilso rliettsl ew MoVhnauer ctnthhha eveh aars s at cmbhheeeae r anttsh sws eumrCimteytpspe rntiuni oas b’Bnso rsiu pitsatarlan iontndhdg’s e ra fe nitBnsdins rdw yiti hnifeysrghomas fmtE pemmri r teaaph diirripnteeye -’‘sfaEri vbccueeooryionevuaspetrtdes r i’ mut.hTicempt hiBepoirsreintiir saohial ulwr tausaniltsdeesed e tiEt ulotrowoe praeedn,. Cyprus’s The inconsequential
This book explores the tensions underlying British imperialism in Cyprus. osututdsiyd eex Epluorroeps ew hhyeeeoxttlph dteeh nrte rdtruahebee li esai n slbis taautc lm‘ekE pwuotarnioto entprhse e baa nysn da emi smxfpieppnao ldarctithineaneng’ic.nmse g me wshaa osdi nwae lw Batarbhyisoet a muiUtno rn’isemi otipminnea ygrJi ainaecelmdk r tpuchialarenme reien atl o‘aEn ufdlr yow opasve ee’.nrTm thehsisheed within possession
study explores whether thew aidsesluy mhepldt iocunltsu raanl dsi gfninifiderisn gasn dm maydthes .aEbxoamutin iinmg pCeyrpirauls ’sr uslteat us as an
Much has been written about the British Empire’s construction outside Europe, outside Europe hoisldla ntrdu ean idn aw ‘hEyuraoftpeera nth siprtayc`-eifni’cv.oensyeqeuaernsti atl hpoes sBesrsiitoins`h r ewveaalns tmeudch iatb oloutw reearseodns. oCf sytpatreu,cso’snstruction
Varnava charts oiCmutypspoidrreuta sEn’suc reop pwreoa gsh roaelldsws ta ryufsre om imnoo fra pe a‘o E liiucmpyr oeaangrpdicen etaehnidev esctopdhna tacinniegm e’.rnpecieaeslr ioaafn li mda pewsrsiaaels tg oevtneormn aenascneh.e Gdo vwernitmheinnts do not The ipnocsosenssseioqnuential
ysteutd tyh eerxep lios rleitst lwe hoent htehre t hsaem aess tuhmepmteiosn isn aBnrdi tfainind’sin tgisn ym eamdep iarbeo iunt ‘ Eimurpoepreia’l. Truhlies eiVesxlxaaprpnneedannv ddaaaa nbbcdlleh e aw brbathascy ckkwCaVew`wfaxyiatntiprpaedecnretreoruaen lnvysrbdtas’ h syae b h ibqrecyeplutehx lryde eapob- nrxlgfaatctirpivsciunea lkelailstn wCsipungy ayor eitfaphnsrealrsoog rreuw m sssshbi sg’ syottin o hhawiepnf eeawtixher ` l pwrp eUtoroBrerhalsgneeyanrr egrsvicii ;nieoa tseemr iUsineaninsaasavdl k hgs nseegJo a r difnmheomdrcws aoeo knutfycia wom mic tsrcrnhiJeh o aapblttsu nmacheeaa.csdt kberd eatEdio h np a exUcrctuilecoea toaintru s mm aictgiolrofohsoelnie yesnnsiewaave i vd anosetitJmredoa govdeeirc net nto ekosrcCffaitedl m eyo-ctymn.bh aappf aio Ccsnemsresthev autraydekaensi epa tgr’rsteeelrl o ade,utst saco thsftosoanl’aey lssionjnte unguosste;tts v idrf yteetuo caort cihss r tiet eoimhavonaene snnrd sa iefrf eeir teo;nfattnelydn; A NTDheR EinKTcOhoSen siVenAqcRuoNneAnsVetiAqaul ential
outside Europe hold true in a ‘European space’. iiimsmlappnoodrr ttaaannndcc eew whwyaasa sfia toaselallwfwar lnwp aatdyoyhas slyii a rcsnmmty yd oam- afkrwniveeodeh r dyietmyeh eacaeifaimgt sreicisnorao e ngtntdhisthn eiintetr hhgtdBreyar on-ncIimftutu cihivlprtigseeeuaehhrrsnia a a ylllwe io essvrmaifaagie n drnniinaismdtef i Clee n tpyrdwcphsae reenuaari-nts sidb, adB 1 l lao8e rpsw7gienwet8ormiacd–seve1sh reep9 re tsr1ieewodhn5ann.eaafssimnCdl nolpsc t nlyaeaeew pyigdsn. raiah gtGpu hi; egtisonrid d’ne svlteao hetce wwrp iesnaeixirmtoirtsh etnieinindsnn g .d tlaeCistcre ieysrdia pootonur -rufmnets eoao’sknnti ntgh.eB eriatrislhy possesspioonssession
widely held cultimurpaolr tsaingcneif iwerass aalnwda ysm mytohBrrseit.i shiEm pxeaargimoindi enindi nC tgyhp rauCns yarnpedr aculh saal’lsnen dgs etsw athatesu rsee cneamivse ed saahnned dm ownoitlihthiinc view that possession
Varnava charts Cyprus’s progress from a perceived imperial asset to an `w`iinnicdcoeolnnys seehqqeuuldee nnctituailalt lpuw wtoprhiasrodelos ersenelssysgiesg ;isinshors ieenfiaioale` ds nrrg ose`rcn evursaeae lntatfv oudlserrr eaa mmblllu suayc sdctmtihh gadsn una.eiccfbcieEhcBeoio xsr ruiniattasositosb mi dhn roae sieiarnnm uaadaditptnsmireo ogerrnmii n saeto.l sCy ap fatsotyo heolpfims cnrns.y uti scswEas thtax’oasesaak fn,b mescsagtsoteiaenlandedtit utns pe ttsgror,a i muc laoCjacousrnt yisnlieyoptas iornnftytur ro seut ’xhsccr elteusimvsotieva nerdtlysui efsof e ni ratses;trn aattanelnygdi; c -military
expendable backwater by explaining how the Union Jack came to fly over the ooff ppoolliiccyy aanndd ththe`o ecic nfu occlptnoouotnnrilnisatcgeily neq sgnuaigecnenindneic ftsiitei aheorle ssfp oicoamonsfs pdneiet msiprnsiepigaoreel cnnrgeT`cio phairevetle eiscovgro enoonmasafvbl nsienip mcarmlteanipoyu.ane Gc narohi cofa geaavlr rbe.cegohrGoainvutvam otelp vrrreaeneensraearttasnsn ro iccmndhne ,os.ecd u Gnoelntctfuoo sirsvsta tield oaartonnnea- ml,myncseiooasn knattnissndt grvd.uisoBuc artnlii tonoisanthrrative is a A N D R E K O S V A R N A V A
aallwwaayyss mmaakkee ddeecicsIimisoipnoesnr istah litrshomru oginhu Cgeyhvp irdeuevsni,d1cee8-n7bc8ae–sg-1erbed9aa 1tsr 5beeoadfnisul lossr n weaiha ngiscgaho;p mdn iaeinnkc etgissh ;ifeoodr ne easxnc iiaessntrijieoon yngao bslfli tete aernreraeadt ufoorrfe ta ecoannde tmhices eanadr lsytudents of
island and why after thirty-five years the British wanted it lowered. Cyprus’s wwrroonngg;;rreeaassoonns sf ofaoBrl wrrbi atabiydsash dd mp edecaeriksiecioo idsdni esoin cna isrCsei oya nporsrfet u etsohn fra tconeIhmudnag p nchecghr iheaaeladlivslnem idtng,oeagen nedjdcus eB sttrt-ohibitfie yashj su rteahesndtecd i emfrEyiuev raedotsdphiofef eaenanmrni nehd gins d;ttmoildyfrofye;e.ncrioseliniotthnlisyc ; avriee wo fttheant
wrong;reasons for bad decisions are often changed to justify them differently;
importance was always more imagined than real and was enmeshed within tthheerree iiss aa ggrreeaat ttr Bherreleiurtlceiusthcai snti amcanep c geteror ei ataalot d p mroaeldilitucm yca ti wtam naaciss e Dt bmartak oAisesne tddaalreed kkptmoe rsai iVtmll aoeraanntr a evimlaa y ltiiossoo tLn raere ckeete uvxrteecolrerl u sitnes r iM aevlioveotde;lneyrra enson eHdnt io stsi ottrr;ryea avatntee Fdrglsii nced- emrist i;lUitananivredyr sity,South A N D AR NE KDORSE VKAORSN AVVAAR N A V A
widely held cultural signifiers and myths. Examining Cyprus’s status as an ccuullttuurraall ssiiggnnifiifeiersr scca uonaltndnus dripda eelp rrescaiergtcpinoetifinpoiestn.risso npasnla dyp plaa eygr rcaeeA apugtts rtiproeaanlaiarstt ppinlaa rydt e aci ngis riedoanet-c mipsaaiorktinn -ignm. Bdarekitciinsishgio.nB-rmitiaskhing.British V A N D R E K O S V A R N A V A
Imperialism in Cyprus,1878–1915fills a gap in the existing literature on the early
`inconsequential possession` reveals much about reasons of state,construction IBmrpiteisrhia plisemrio idn Ciny pCITmryhuppeser, ruc1iaso8 lmias7nmb8di –ni nc1a htC9iaoy1lpln5er nuofsgifl,e l1ass8r atc7h h8geiva– arp11Cel8o 9 7icvr8n1eee.r5 isitmvehfeaiagelderl:s cGe ahranex ,egdkics a Putpmrilie tnsioutngsn r B taollehilstl seieaitn nhgre taiaxhcletiy suBvstririiitesnies whg a oF n llatindgth ea attvr Nthaisitceuou sarieale’ .aIn lrlouasltnyrrar tteadht Leiovn edeo ani rsNl eywas,18 August A
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considerations. Imperialism,and British and European history.
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9780719079030_1_pre.qxd 11/02/2009 01:50PM Page i
general editor John M. MacKenzie
When the ‘Studies in Imperialism’ series was founded by Professor
John M. MacKenzie more than thirty years ago, emphasis was laid upon
the conviction that ‘imperialism as a cultural phenomenon had as
significant an effect on the dominant as on the subordinate societies’.
With well over a hundred titles now published, this remains the prime
concern of the series. Cross-disciplinary work has indeed appeared
covering the full spectrum of cultural phenomena, as well as examining
aspects of gender and sex, frontiers and law, science and the
environment, language and literature, migration and patriotic societies,
and much else. Moreover, the series has always wished to present
comparative work on European and American imperialism, and
particularly welcomes the submission of books in these areas. The
fascination with imperialism, in all its aspects, shows no sign of
abating, and this series will continue to lead the way in encouraging the
widest possible range of studies in the field. Studies in Imperialism is
fully organic in its development, always seeking to be at the cutting
edge, responding to the latest interests of scholars and the needs of this
ever-expanding area of scholarship.
British Imperialism in Cyprus,
1878–1915
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AVAILABLE IN THE SERIES
CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND THE AESTHETICS OF BRITISHNESS ed.Dana Arnold
BRITAIN IN CHINA
Community, culture and colonialism, 1900–1949 Robert Bickers
RACE AND EMPIRE
Eugenics in colonial Kenya Chloe Campbell
FROM JACK TAR TO UNION JACK
Representing naval manhood in the British Empire, 1870–1918 Mary A. Conley
RETHINKING SETTLER COLONIALISM
History and memory in Australia, Canada, Aotearoa New Zealand and South Africa
ed. Annie E. Coombes
IMPERIAL CITIES
Landscape, display and identity eds Felix Driver and David Gilbert
IMPERIAL CITIZENSHIP
Empire and the question of belonging Daniel Gorman
THE EMPIRE IN ONE CITY?
Liverpool’s inconvenient imperial past eds Sheryllynne Haggerty, Anthony Webster and
Nicholas J. White
SCOTLAND, THE CARIBBEAN AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1750–1820
Douglas J. Hamilton
FLAGSHIPS OF IMPERIALISM
The P&O company and the politics of empire from its origins to 1867 Freda Harcourt
MISSIONARIES AND THEIR MEDICINES
A Christian modernity for tribal India David Hardiman
EMIGRANT HOMECOMINGS
The return movement of emigrants, 1600–2000 Marjory Harper
ENGENDERING WHITENESS
White women and colonialism in Barbados and North Carolina, 1625–1865 Cecily Jones
REPORTING THE RAJ
The British press and India, c.1880–1922 Chandrika Kaul
SILK AND EMPIRE Brenda M. King
COLONIAL CONNECTIONS, 1815–45
Patronage, the information revolution and colonial government Zoë Laidlaw
PROPAGANDA AND EMPIRE
The manipulation of British public opinion, 1880–1960 John M. MacKenzie
THE SCOTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Ethnicity, identity, gender and race, 1772–1914 John M. MacKenzie with Nigel R. Dalziel
THE OTHER EMPIRE
Metropolis, India and progress in the colonial imagination John Marriott
IRELAND, INDIA AND EMPIRE
Indo-Irish radical connections, 1916–64 Kate O’Malley
SEX, POLITICS AND EMPIRE
A postcolonial geography Richard Phillips
IMPERIAL PERSUADERS
Images of Africa and Asia in British advertising Anandi Ramamurthy
GENDER, CRIME AND EMPIRE Kirsty Reid
THE HAREM, SLAVERY AND BRITISH IMPERIAL CULTURE
Anglo-Muslim relations, 1870–1900 Diane Robinson-Dunn
WEST INDIAN INTELLECTUALS IN BRITAIN ed. Bill Schwarz
MIGRANT RACES
Empire, identity and K. S. Ranjitsinhji Satadru Sen
AT THE END OF THE LINE
Colonial policing and the imperial endgame 1945–80 Georgina Sinclair
THE VICTORIAN SOLDIER IN AFRICA Edward M. Spiers
MARTIAL RACES AND MASCULINITY IN THE BRITISH ARMY, 1857–1914 Heather Streets
THE FRENCH EMPIRE BETWEEN THE WARS
Imperialism, politics and society Martin Thomas
ORDERING AFRICA eds Helen Tilley with Robert J. Gordon
‘THE BETTER CLASS’ OF INDIANS
Social rank, imperial identity, and South Asians in Britain 1858–1914 A. Martin Wainwright
BRITISH CULTURE AND THE END OF EMPIRE ed. Stuart Ward
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9780719079030_1_pre.qxd 11/02/2009 01:50PM Page iii
British
ImpeBrriiatliisshm in
CyIpmrpuesr, i1a8li7s8m– 1i9n15
The Inconsequential Possession
THE INCONSEQUENTIAL POSSESSION
Andrekos Varnava
Lecturer in Modern History,
Department of History,
Andrekos Varnava
Flinders University,
LecturSero uinth M Aoudsetrrnal iHaistory,
Department of History,
Flinders University,
South Australia
MANCHESTER
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Manchester and New York
distributed iMn tAheN UCnitHedE SStaTtesE eRxclusively by
UPANLGIVREARVES IMTAYC MPIRLLEASNS
Manchester and New York
distributed in the United States exclusively by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Copyright © Andrekos Varnava 2009
The right of Andrekos Varnava to be identified as the author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Published by Manchester University Press
Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA, UK
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data is available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
ISBN 978 0 7190 7903 0 hardback
First published by Manchester University Press in hardback 2009
This edition first published 2015
The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or
third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on
such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
9780719079030_1_pre.qxd 11/02/2009 01:50PM Page v
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Page vi
List of figures viii
General editor’s introduction x
Abbreviations xii
Introduction 1
1 Historicising the British possession of Cyprus: the contexts 8
2 Cyprus from Richard Coeur de Lion to Disraeli: the
imperial imagination 45
3 Justifying the occupation of Cyprus, 1876–78: ‘the key of
Western Asia’ 65
4 The sublime illusions: 1878–80: the Mediterranean
‘Eldorado’ 93
5 Financial policy and the development of Cyprus,
1880–1912: the ‘mill-stone’ 127
6 From multiculturalism to multi-nationalism:
the ‘European’ possession 152
7 Cyprus’ strategic place in the British imperial
structure: the backwater 202
8 ‘Cyprus is of no use to anybody’: the pawn 246
Conclusion 272
Appendices 281
Select bibliography 301
Index 311
[ v ]
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As with life, it is not possible to successfully complete a project of this
magnitude without the lives of other people touching it.
This book began as a PhD dissertation at the Department of History,
University of Melbourne. I would like to thank my principal supervisor, Richard
Pennell and my associate supervisor, Paul Nicholls for their persistence,
advice and guidance; Patricia Grimshaw, at that time the Head of the Depart-
ment, for supporting my application, as a 21-year-old, for an Australian post-
graduate award; the two postgraduate officers, Kelly Angwin and Ron Baird;
the two postgraduate coordinators, Professor Chips Sowerwine and David
Goodman; and the Head of the Department, Charles Zika, for their great sup-
port. I also wish to thank the other postgraduate students who went through
the PhD adventure with me and were a constant source of support: Kwabena
Adou-Boahen, Ian Coller, Roland Burke, Nell Musgrove, Jenny Spinks, Tim
Goldsmith and Emily Turner-Graham. The staff members of the Baillieu
and Education Resource Libraries at the University of Melbourne have been
excellent, especially those from Inter-library Loan, who I bombarded with a
record number of requests during my first two years; and Norm Turnross and
Blanca Pizzani.
I am very grateful to the A.G. Leventis Foundation for granting me $US3,500
and to the Arts Faculty at the University of Melbourne for the $AU3,000 grant
for archival research in the UK in 2003. I am grateful for the services of vari-
ous institutions and people, during my three months of research in London:
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Surrey; the National
Archives, Kew; the British Library; St Anthony’s College, Oxford, and Debbie
Usher, its archivist; Richard Schofield, my supervisor at King’s College;
Robert Holland, Professor of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Institute
of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; and Klearchos Kyriakides
and Tim Reardon for their advice and hospitality.
I have a number of people and institutions to thank for their assistance
and advice while in Cyprus from October to December 2002, and since
my move there in September 2006: the Cyprus American Archaeological Insti-
tute; the Archbishop Makarios Library; the Cyprus Research Centre; the
State Archives of Cyprus; Ruth Keshishian of Moufflon Bookshop; Thelma
Michaelidies of MAM Bookshop; George Georghallides and his wife Joan; Maria
Roussou and Antonis Hadjikyriacou, who are responsible for my application
for the Leventis Foundation Scholarship; Rita Severis, who shared with me
her incredible knowledge of Cyprus; and finally, but by no means least, to
the historians of City Pride Pub, who I hope will form the future Cyprus
Historical Association, Nicholas Coureas, Christopher Schabel, Hubert
Faustmann, Colin Heywood, Simon Phillips and Ken Owen Smith. I would
also like to thank a number of other people who have been very helpful: James
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Cameron, Christalla Yakinthou, Kynan Gentry, Yigal Sheffy, Jan Asmussen,
Ersi Demetriadou, Eleni Apeyitou, Altay Nevzat and Nicholas Doumanis.
I would also like to thank the two referees of my PhD and the three
referees for Manchester University Press, especially Costas Constantinou,
who provided me with invaluable comments that significantly improved the
quality of this study. I also thank the team at Manchester University Press,
especially Emma Brennan.
My family has been a constant support. I thank my parents for their patience
and the quiet environment. I thank my Auntie Katina and Uncle Andreas
for taking me in while in Cyprus. I also thank my cousins Michalakis and
Andreas for driving me to and from Nicosia to undertake archival research.
I thank my uncle Kyriakos for leaving me his place in London while I was
there. And finally to my beautiful wife Helen – thanks so much for your encour-
agement, support and patience.
Having acknowledged that all these people and institutions have touched
this study in some way or another, it is only proper for me to recognise that
any errors and shortcomings are entirely my own.
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9780719079030_1_pre.qxd 11/02/2009 01:50PM Page viii
LIST OF FIGURES
1 ‘Raising the British Flag in Nicosia, Cyprus’. Illustrated London
News, 10 August 1878. 2
2 The Location of Cyprus. © Dr Andrekos Varnava, 2007. 10
3 Map of Cyprus. © Dr Andrekos Varnava, 2007. 11
4 The War Office Stamp on 23 October 1876 on map in Louis de
Mas Latrie book. MFQ 1/724. 75
5 ‘Famagusta: The Ancient Venetian Port of Cyprus’. Illustrated
London News, 20 July 1878. 94
6 ‘A Blaze of Triumph’. Punch, 27 July 1878. 95
7 Landing at Larnaca, 1878. Illustrated London News,
17 August 1878. 99
8 Cheflik Camp, Grave of Sergeant M’Gaw and other Sketches.
Illustrated London News, 17 August 1878. 101
9 Monastery Camp, 1878. Illustrated London News, 17 August 1878. 102
10 Stanley and Smith leaving Nicosia, 1878. Illustrated London
News, 30 November 1878. 105
11 ‘The Harbour of Famagusta, Cyprus’. Illustrated London
News, 1878. 107
12 Famagusta Harbour, 1878. John Thomson, Through Cyprus
with the Camera in the Autumn of 1878, London 1879. 108
13 Kyrenia Harbour in 1879. John Thomson, Through Cyprus
with the Camera in the Autumn of 1878, London 1879. 136
14 Roads of Cyprus, 1890. C.V. Bellamy, The Main Roads of
Cyprus, Nicosia, 1903. 140
15 Roads of Cyprus, 1904. C.V. Bellamy, The Main Roads of
Cyprus, Nicosia, 1903. 140
16 An 1888 map of the Karpass Peninsula distinguishing the
villages relative to the famine. C.5523. 141
17 Famagusta Harbour, 1906. George Hobbs, ‘Famagusta Harbour,
Cyprus’, Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil
Engineers, CLXXVI, 3, 1908–09. 144
18 Portrait of the Ethno-Martyr, Archbishop Kyprianos. Postcard,
Toufexis, Series 2, no. 81, 1906: Courtesy of the Laiki Group
Cultural Centre Photographic Archive. 154
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9780719079030_1_pre.qxd 11/02/2009 01:50PM Page ix
LIST OF FIGURES
19 Archbishop Sophronios III taken in 1878 by Max Ohnefalsch-
Richter. Magda Ohnefalsch-Richter, Greek Customs and
Traditions in Cyprus, 1913: Courtesy of the Laiki Group
Cultural Centre Photographic Archive. 156
20 ‘Wolseley Courts Venus’. Punch, 3 August 1878. 160
21 ‘Native Group Nicosia’. John Thomson, Through Cyprus
with the Camera in the Autumn of 1878, London 1879. 162
22 Map of Famagusta Harbour, Showing Defences, 1881. MPG1/867/4. 204
23 General Simpson Hackett presents Egyptian medals to
1/2 Battalion Berkshire Regiment, Troodos, 1887. J.P. Foscolo
Collection: Courtesy of the Laiki Group Cultural Centre
Photographic Archive. 209
24 Falkland Warren’s House overlooking Platres. J.P. Foscolo
Collection: Courtesy of the Laiki Group Cultural Centre
Photographic Archive. 210
25 Connaught Rangers playing polo on Cypriot mules, Photo
c.1892. J.P. Foscolo Collection: Courtesy of the Laiki Group
Cultural Centre Photographic Archive. 211
26 Government Cottage and Tennis Court, 1880. J.P. Foscolo
Collection: Courtesy of the Laiki Group Cultural Centre
Photographic Archive. 212
27 Mounted Zaptiehs of the Cyprus Local Military Police.
J.P. Foscolo Collection: Courtesy of the Laiki Group
Cultural Centre Photographic Archive. 225
[ ix ]