British and Irish Butterflies: An Island Perspective

407 Pages·2018·7.386 MB·English

by  Roger L. H. Dennis, Peter B. Hardy

B i B : i
ritish and rish utterflies an sland
P
ersPective
Supporting material is available at
http://www.cabi.org/openresources/95061.
B i
ritish and rish
B : i
utterflies an sland
P
ersPective
roger l.h. dennis
and
Peter B. hardy
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
CABI CABI
Nosworthy Way 745 Atlantic Avenue
Wallingford 8th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111
UK USA
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cabi.org
© Roger L.H. Dennis and Peter B. Hardy 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,
mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dennis, Roger L.H., author. | Hardy, Peter B., author.
Title: British and Irish butterflies : an island perspective / Roger L.H.
Dennis & Peter B. Hardy.
Description: Boston, MA : CABI, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017050570 (print) | LCCN 2017051602 (ebook) | ISBN
9781786394989 (ePDF) | ISBN 9781786395078 (ePub) | ISBN 9781786395061
(hbk : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Butterflies--British Isles. | Butterflies--Great Britain. |
Butterflies--Ireland. | Biogeography--British Isles. | Biogeography--Great
Britain. | Biogeography--Ireland.
Classification: LCC QL555.B65 (ebook) | LCC QL555.B65 D46 2018 (print) | DDC
595.78/90941--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017050570
ISBN-13: 978 1 78639 506 1
Commissioning editor: Ward Cooper
Editorial assistant: Emma McCann
Production editor: James Bishop
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Contents
Dedication ix
List of Figures xi
List of Plates xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxiii
1. Basics of Island Biogeography 1
The Basic Model of Island Biogeography 1
A Broader View of Island Faunas 5
An Integrative Island Biogeography Model 7
Population and Ecological Changes on Islands 9
Evolutionary Transformations and Novel Species 12
Island Species as Unique Entities 16
2. The British Islands: a Geological and Historical Outline 18
How Many British Islands Are There? 18
The British Islands: Composition, Context and Complexity 19
Glacial–Interglacial Cycles: Ice Landscapes 21
Shifting Sea Levels, Coastal Physiognomy and Island Formation 23
Climate Change During Island Formation 28
Post-Glacial Transformations to Island Landscapes 30
Historical Imperatives 32
3. Island Butterflies: Understanding and Interpreting Records 34
Habitat and Biotope 34
Habitat and Movement 38
Dispersal and Migration: an Island Viewpoint 40
Species Records and What They Imply 44
Bias and Mistaken Records 46
v
vi Contents
Introductions 47
British and Irish Butterfly Databanks and Sources 48
Selecting Islands for Study 49
4. British and Irish Butterfly Species: Links and Gradients 51
How Unusual Are British Butterflies? 51
Island Environment–Species Gradients 54
A Recording History of Gains and Losses on
the British Mainland 57
Predicting British Species 60
Ranges, Distributions and Species Diversity: Detecting
Deeper Causes 62
Range Changes in Recent Times 64
Sources and Range Oscillations of Long-distance Migrants 65
5. Island Associations and Species Affinities:
Geographical Influences 69
European Islands: the Wider Context 69
Comparing Butterfly Richness Profiles of Britain and Ireland 71
Ireland’s Unusual Case of the Cryptic Wood White 74
The Influence of Geography on Island Species Richness 75
Geography of Archipelagos: the Isles of Scilly 83
Island Assemblages of Butterfly Species 84
Butterfly Associations on British and Irish Islands 86
6. Assessing the Status of Individual Species on Islands:
from Geography to Ecology 88
Using Geography to Predict Species Richness 89
Predicting the Incidence of a Butterfly Species on
an Offshore Island: the Grayling on Grassholm 90
Predicting Incidences of Butterfly Species on the British and
Irish Offshore Islands 92
The Drumlin Islands of Strangford Lough 95
Colonizing Islands: Modelling Individual Probabilities of
Success and Failure 97
How Well Does Island Butterfly Incidence Reflect
Butterfly Ecology? 101
Using Species’ Ecological Profiles to Examine Inter-island
Relationships 103
7. Changing Patterns of Species Incidences on Islands 109
Ecological Bases for Stable and Changing Island Faunas 110
Historical Signals in Geographical and Ecological Data 113
Order and Change in Island Faunas 114
Turnover and Trends: the Case of Hilbre and the Farne Islands 117
Desert Islands: the Perpetual Turnover of Adventives (Itinerants) 121
Big Changes on Big Islands: Uncertain Visits and Problematic
Extinctions on the Isle of Man 122
Rare Migrants: the Future Colonists? 124
Contents vii
8. British and Irish Islands: an Evolutionary Vantage 128
Pulses of Loss and Gain: Return Periods and
Recurrence Intervals 129
Outlets of Change: Ecological Release and Marginality 132
Glacial Refuges and the Post-glacial Invasion and Colonization
Process of Britain and Ireland 133
Butterfly Space–Time Responses to Changing Conditions in
Post-Devensian Britain and Ireland 138
Shrinking Habitats and Ecological Islands in Holocene Britain 139
Variation: Genes, Phenes and Plastic Traits 141
Models of Differentiation and Adaptation 144
Adjusting to Living on Small Islands 149
9. Island Studies: a Glance Back and the View Ahead 153
Islands: a Pattern of Intricate and Endless Changes 154
Lessons from Island Studies: the Need to Conserve Sources 157
Directions for Future Research of Island Butterflies 158
Plates 161
1. Island Landscapes 163
2. Images of British Butterfly Species 175
Appendices: Records of Butterflies from British and Irish Islands 187
1. Checklist of British and Irish Butterfly Species 189
2. Butterflies Occurring on the British and Irish Islands as
Adventives (Accidental and Deliberate Introductions) 197
3. List of Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands 200
4. Sources of Personal Observations on Island Records 232
5. Regional Atlases of British and Irish Butterflies 236
6. Migration Records and Measures for Butterfly Species
Resident on the British and Irish Islands 238
7. Migration Capacity and Colonization Ability Measures
for British Butterflies 244
8. Guide to Island Studies: Observations and Analysis 247
9. Predictions for Resident Butterfly Species in the British Isles 256
10. Factors Affecting Butterfly Species Richness on the Offshore
British and Irish Islands 258
11. Summary of Predictions for Species Incidences on British
and Irish Offshore Islands 264
12. Butterflies Recorded on Strangford Lough Islands,
Northern Ireland, During the Butterfly Conservation UK
Big Butterfly Counts 274
13. Probabilities of Individual Butterfly Transfers to
Islands and Locating a Resource on the Island 278
14. Species Richness and Species Occurrence Predictions
for the Isle of Man 285
15. Modelling Evolutionary Changes on a Fossil Island:
the Great Orme’s Head, North Wales 290
viii Contents
Glossary of Terms 297
Bibliography 317
Index 365
Online Supplementary Appendices
Supporting material is available at
http://www.cabi.org/openresources/95061.
Supplementary Appendices Chapter 3
3.1a A copy of Dennis and Shreeve (1996) Butterflies on
British and Irish Offshore Islands: Ecology and
Biogeography. Gem Publishing Company, Wallingford, Oxon
3.1b The main data file for British and Irish offshore islands
3.2 Basic ecological and life history data used to build the
indices for migration capacity and colonization ability
Supplementary Appendices Chapter 4
4.1 Contemporary Geography Study of British Butterflies: Data
4.2 Contemporary Geography Study of British Butterflies:
Analyses
Supplementary Appendices Chapter 5
5.1a The European Islands Data File: Recent Sources
5.1b The European Islands Data File: Butterfly Records
5.1c The European Islands Data File: Geographical Data
5.2 Comparison of British and Irish Species Distributions
Supplementary Appendices Chapter 6
6.1a Species Incidences on Offshore Islands:
Logit Regression Analyses
6.1b Species Incidences on Offshore Islands: Discriminant
Function Analyses
6.2 Species Richness and Incidences on Offshore Islands:
Predictions
Supplementary Appendix Chapter 7
7.1 Records and Data for the Isle of Man
This work is dedicated to all the butterfly recorders who have kindly
contributed to the records and observations for the British
and Irish islands, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
ix