Bridging lIuman and Ecological L

362 Pages·2008·12.3 MB·English

Bridging lIuman
and Ecological L
Participatol1' Research an
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KENDALL/HUNT PUBLISHING COMPANY
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Copyright© 2001 by KendalllHnntPublishingCompany
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In Memory ofRobert D. Hart, for whom Ecuador was Home
1946-1999
iii
List of Contributors ix
foreword xi
BillieDeWalt
dcknowledgments xiii
RobertE. Rhoades
Introduction
1. BreakingNew Ground: Linking Research,
Participationand SustainableDevelopment 3
RobertE. Rhoades
Part 1
dLand of Nanc~al: I:IistOft, M.i~tion, and ftrccptiorul
People, Land, and Societyin NanegalsinceAboriginalTimes 25
GalaRamon Valarezo
3. Environmental History ofthe NanegalArea
during the FirstFiftyYears oftheTwentieth Century 43
AlexandraMart(nez, RobertE. Rhoades
4. Migration and theLandscape ofNanegal 57
RobertE. Rhoades, AlexandraMart(nez, Eric Jones
5. The "Montaiias"ofNanegal: Perceptions,Images and Practices 85
Amparo Eguiguren
v
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I
vi Contcntl
Part 2
Diversity, Land Use Chan~e, and Production Systems
Ecological Diversity ofa Tropandean Landscape 113
Marcia Pefiajiel, Felipe Campos, Patricio Fuentes Pozo,
Marcelo Guevara, Carmen Josse, Andres Vallejo,
Hugo Valdebenito, Carlos Valle
7. Three Decades ofLand Use Change in the NanegalArea: 1966-1996 129
Patricio Fuentes Pozo, Marcia Peiiajiel,
Marcelo Guevara, Carmen Josse
8. SustainableAgronomic Management ofSugarcane
in a FragileTropical Landscape 147
Fabidn Calispa, Marco Castillo
9. Livestock-PastureSystemsin the Nanegal Landscape 165
Luis Pefiaherrera G.
10. Creatiug Land Use Change Scenarios:
PastPatterns and FutureTrajectories 179
DavidJ. Stewart
Part J
e-Lifcscape in Social and Political Context
ProductionStrategyTypology for SustainableAgriculture
and Natural Resource Management 193
Cornelia ButlerFlora, Fernando Larrea, Martha Ordofiez,
Sandra Chancay, Sara Baez, Fernando Guerrero
12. ProductionStrategiesand Gender 215
Martha Ordofiez, Cornelia ButlerFlora
13. The PoliticalEcology ofCane-AlcoholProductionand Distribution 231
Greg Guest
14. People, Pastures,and Restoration Ecology:
Eco-Developmentor Eco-Haciendas? 249
BretDiamond
I'
Contents vii
Part 4
ty and the Drnarnics of Sustainable Development
Andean Elem,mtsinNanegal's Emerging Communities:
Relevance for SnstainableDevelopment 275
GaloRamon Valarezo, Mary GardaBravo,
SegundoAndrango Bonilla
16. CommunitySustainabilityin an Ecuadorian Landscape:
The Role ofE,:onomic, Human, Environmentaland Social Capital 291
Jan L. Flora, Mary GardaBravo, Cornelia ButlerFlora,
SegundoAndrangoBonilla
17. Who Particip3ltesand Who Decides?
BalancingSciflnce with Local Community Reality 315
Charles Ehrhart
18. ContrastingScientificand LocalValuations ofLand Use Change:
The FutureVi!liouingMethodology 333
RobertE. Rhoades, VirginiaNazarea-Rhoades,
Maricel Piniero
Epilogue
_19 gingSustainabilityDown-to-Earth:
flections ami Guidelines for Policy Makers and Practitioners 353
RobertE. Rhoades, GaloRamon Valarezo
- l i s t of t(ibutoIS
SegundoAndrango Bonilla CorneliaButlerFlora
Sistema de Investigaci6n y Desarrollo North CentralCenterfor Rural
Comunitario (COMUNIDEC) Development
Iowa State University
Mary GarciaBravo
Sistema de Investigaci6n y Desarrollo JanL. Flora
Comunitario (COMUNIDEC) Iowa State University
SaraBaez Patricio Fuentes Pozo
Terra Nueva Centro de Datospara fa Conservaci6n
(CDC)
Fabian Calispa
Terra Nueva Fernando Guerrero
Centro de Datospara fa Conservaci6n
FelipeCampos (CDC)
Centro de Datospara fa Conservaci6n
(CDC) Greg Guest
University ofGeorgia
Marco Castillo
Terra Nueva Marcelo Guevara
Centro de Datospara fa Conservaci6n
SandraChancay (CDC)
Terra Nueva
Eric Jones
BretDiamond University ofGeorgia
University ofGeorgia
CarmenJosse
Arnparo Eguiguren Centro de Datospara fa Conservaci6n
FacuftadLatinoamericana de Ciencas (CDC)
Sociafes (FLACSO-Ecuador)
Fernando Larrea
Charles Ehrhart HeiferProject-Ecuador
Cambridge University
ix
-
I'
x list of Contributors
AlexandraMartinez RobertE. Rhoades
University ofGeorgia University ofGeorgia
VirginaNazarea-Rhoades David J. Stewart
University ofGeorgia University ofGeorgia
Martha Ordonez HugoValdebenito
Terra Nueva Universidad de San Francisco de Quito
(USFQ)
Luis PenaherreraG.
Universidad Central-Quito CarlosValle
Universidadde San Francisco de Quito
Marcia Penafiel (USFQ)
Centro de Datospara la Conservaci6n
(CDC) AndresVallejo
Centro de Datospara la Conservaci6n
MaricelPiniero (CDC)
University ofGeorgia
Galo Ram6nValarezo
Sistema de Investigaci6ny Desarrollo
Comunitario (COMUNIDEC)
Itwas indeed a pleasure and honor for me when I was asked to write the foreword for this
book. Perhapstheonlymeritthatqualifiesmetodo soisthatIpressedtheindividuals whose
work is represented here to pull their results together in one synthetic volume. A few years
ago, asamemberoftheExternalEvaluationPaneloftheSustainableAgricultureandNatural
Resource Management (SANREM) collaborative research support program, I was asked to
review and evaluate the work done in theAndes as part ofthatproject. Several things about
theresearchbeingdoneonthis frontierregiononthewesternslopes oftheAndes inEcuador
impressedme. Theprojectwas truly interdisciplinaryin nature; itwas collaborative inthe
best sense of the teun because the research team included U.S. scientists and Ecuadorian
researchers from severalinstitutions, and the workwas participativebecausethecommuni
ty was an active part ofthe research process. My only complaint as areviewer was that the
workhad notbeen pulledtogetherinto a single source thatcouldinformthe scientific com
munity aboutthe research and that would stimulatefurther ideas and avenues for investiga
tion.
This book achieves everything that I envisioned. It synthesizes both the biophysical and
humandimensionsoftheSANREMresearch, showingthesocialprocesses ofsettlementand
consolidation ofcommunities in this frontier region while also identifying the environmen
tal impactofthese processes. Farfromjustbeing ahistorical, descriptive study, theresearch
continues to the next steps of determining how people view their own landscapes and
lifescapes, how they are constructing social capital to deal with the challenges of building
sustainableproductionsystems,andhowagriculturalresearchandpolicyinterventionsmight
be used most effectively to help construct sustainable agricultural and natural resource sys
tems.
Thelanguage andrhetoric ofsustainabledevelopmentincreasinglypermeatesmanybilat
eral and multilateral technical assistance and applied research projects. Moving the concept
from just a novel justification for organizations to continue doing what they have always
done (but dressed up in new linguistic flourishes) is the challenge. The work that Robert
Rhoadeshas assembledhererepresentsthekindofeffortrequiredtomakesustainabledevel
opment happen. Itwill require scientists from developed and developing countries to come
together and pool their efforts in common applied policy-relevant research. It will require
researchers to work actively with local communities so thatthey are notjustthe subjects of
study and manipulation but active participants in generating, evaluating, and disseminating
new ideas andtechnologies. Itwill alsorequirecommunities tobecomesufficientlyempow-
xi
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xii foreword
ered so they are able to make their needs and desires known to regional and national level
policymakers, as well as developing their own capacities to take the work ofscientists and
apply it to their own experience.
As someone whohaslong struggledwiththechallengesofunderstanding communitiesin
LatinAmerica andwhohas laboredto showhowhumans andthe environmentinteract, Iam
pleasedto seethepublicationofthisbook.BridgingHuman andEcologicalLandscapes will
be asignificantaddition to the literature on sustainabledevelopment, as well as agreatcon
tribution to the understanding offrontier communities in Ecuador and LatinAmerica.
BillieR. DeWalt
Directorofthe Centerfor LatinAmericanStudies
DistinguishedServiceProfessor ofPublic
and InternationalAffairs andLatinAmericanStudies
University ofPittsburgh