Table Of ContentBridge Safety, Maintenance
and Management in a
Life-Cycle Context
Dan M. Frangopol
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ATLSS Engineering Research Center
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
USA
Sunyong Kim
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk
Republic of Korea
Cover credit: The cover photo is the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge. This is a stiffened truss suspension bridge with
the longest span in the world, located in Akashi Strait connecting by highway the city of Kobe and the
Awaji Island in Japan. The central and total lengths of its three spans are 1,991m and 3,991m, respectively.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Kiyohiro Imai, Senior Director of the Corporate Planning Department,
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan, for providing the photo.
First edition published 2022
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Frangopol, Dan M., author. | Kim, Sunyong, 1976- author.
Title: Bridge safety, maintenance and management in a life-cycle context / Dan M. Frangopol,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlss Engineering Research Center, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, United States, Sunyong Kim, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk Republic of Korea.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references
and index. | Summary: "This book presents state-of-the-art theoretical background and practical
applications for bridge safety, maintenance and management in a life-cycle context. The primary
topics of this book include bridge safety and service life prediction, bridge inspection and
maintenance, bridge resilience and sustainability, and life-cycle performance and cost analysis for
individual bridges and bridge networks under hazards and climate change. This book can help
students, researchers and practitioners to build up knowledge on life-cycle bridge performance
and cost management at both individual bridge level and network level under various deteriorating
effects, hazards and climate change"-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021035267 | ISBN 9781032052816 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032052847 (pbk) |
ISBN 9781003196877 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Bridges--Maintenance and repair. | Product life cycle.
Classification: LCC TG315 .F74 2022 | DDC 624.2--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021035267
ISBN: 978-1-032-05281-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-05284-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-19687-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003196877
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Shubham Creation
Preface
Bridges, one of the most critical components of a nation’s infrastructure, have
a positive socio-economic impact. Among more than 617,000 bridges in the
United States, at least 42% exceed 50 years of their service life, and 7.5% of the
existing bridges are classified as structurally deficient. Even though the number of
structurally deficient bridges in the United States has declined recently, the number
of bridges in fair condition has continuously increased. Along with increasing the
number of structurally deficient bridges in many countries, demands for efficiently
and effectively managing deteriorating bridges and extending their service life
have increased. In general, substantial financial resources are needed to maintain
or increase the safety and performance of deteriorating bridges and to extend
their service life. Under limited financial resources, bridge owners and managers
have to consider the life-cycle cost and performance to make optimum decisions
to both maximize bridge performance and minimize the costs of inspection,
repair, rehabilitation and replacement in a life-cycle context. These cost-effective
actions should consider the uncertainties involved in the life-cycle performance
and cost of bridges and bridge networks including their progressive and/or sudden
deteriorations under extreme events, environmental factors, and climate change.
During the past two decades, it has been generally acknowledged that life-
cycle bridge analysis can be a systematic tool to address efficient and effective
bridge management under uncertainty, life-cycle management at the bridge
network level can lead to an improvement in the allocation of limited financial
resources ensuring the safety and functionality of the bridge network, life-cycle
management of bridges and bridge networks based on resilience and sustainability
can improve their resistance and robustness to extreme events such as earthquakes,
tsunamis, floods, and hurricanes, and bridge management should consider the
impact of environmental conditions and climate change.
In this book, important concepts and approaches developed recently on bridge
safety, maintenance, and management in a life-cycle context are systematically
addressed. Bridge life-cycle performance and cost analysis, prediction,
optimization, and decision making under uncertainty are discussed. The major
topics include bridge safety and service life prediction, bridge inspection and
iv Bridge Safety, Maintenance and Management in a Life-Cycle Context
structural health monitoring, bridge maintenance, life-cycle bridge and bridge
network management, optimum life-cycle bridge management planning, resilience
and sustainability of bridges and bridge networks under hazards, and bridge
management considering climate change. By providing practical applications of
the presented concepts and approaches, this book can help students, researchers,
practitioners, infrastructure owners and managers, and transportation officials to
build up their knowledge of life-cycle bridge performance and cost management
at both project level and network level under various deteriorating mechanisms,
hazards, and climate change effects.
This book includes ten chapters. Chapter 1 provides the basic probability
concepts and methods associated with bridge life-cycle performance and cost
analysis under uncertainty. The general concepts of bridge life-cycle performance
and cost analysis based on the deterministic and probabilistic approaches
are described. The reliability of structural components and systems, lifetime
distributions, extreme value distribution, exceedance probability, structural
performance indicators, and importance of the components in a structural system
are provided.
Chapter 2 deals with the time-dependent structural performance and service
life of deteriorating bridges under uncertainty. The effects of the structural
performance prediction with maintenance on bridge life-cycle performance and
service life are described. The updating process with new information from
inspection and structural health monitoring (SHM) and its integration into bridge
life-cycle performance and service life prediction are described. The effects of
inspection and maintenance on the performance and service life of deteriorating
bridges are provided.
Chapter 3 presents several representative inspection and SHM techniques for
bridge management. The probabilistic approaches to predict the bridge reliability
using the data from monitoring and to quantify the availability of monitoring data
are provided. The formulations of the damage detection time, damage detection
delay, and damage detection-based probability of failure are presented. These
formulations can be used for optimum life-cycle inspection, monitoring, and
maintenance management planning.
Chapter 4 addresses the effects of bridge maintenance on performance, service
life, service life extension, and cost. These effects are modeled using the reliability
profiles, lifetime functions, damage propagation, and event trees. The effect of
correlation among the service life extensions due to maintenance on the extended
service life of components and systems is investigated. The bridge maintenance
process and bridge management systems used in several countries are reported.
Chapter 5 describes the general procedure for life-cycle performance and
cost analysis under uncertainty, and, in this context, presents the probabilistic
approach for optimum bridge design and management planning. The multi-objective
optimization and multi-attribute decision making are provided, where the correlation
among objectives, and essential and redundant objectives are investigated.
Chapter 6 provides applications for optimum life-cycle bridge inspection
and management planning. The applications are categorized into three topics:
probabilistic bridge performance and service life prediction, probabilistic optimum
Preface v
bridge inspection and monitoring planning, and probabilistic optimum bridge
maintenance planning.
Chapter 7 deals with the life-cycle bridge network management approach
under uncertainty. The probabilistic performance indicators used for bridge
network management are introduced. These indicators consider connectivity,
travel flow, cost, and risk of the bridge network. The multi-objective optimum
life-cycle bridge network management and the associated applications are
described. The bridge network management presented in this chapter considers
the progressive performance deterioration of bridges under normal loading effects
and environmental conditions.
Chapter 8 provides the general concept of the resilience of bridges and bridge
networks. The effects of bridge performance deterioration and hazard-induced
damage, and risk mitigation on resilience are addressed. The representative
functionality recovery models are provided. Furthermore, the approaches to
assess sustainability are provided. Representative applications of resilience and
sustainability for bridge and bridge network management are summarized.
Chapter 9 deals with the impact of climate change on bridge performance
and representative adaptation measures to reduce this impact. The concepts of
benefit-cost analysis and gain-loss analysis, and their applications are presented.
Using these analyses, the adaptation types and times for bridge and bridge network
management under climate change are optimized.
Chapter 10 provides the summary of this book, representative conclusions of
each chapter, and future efforts in the research fields of life-cycle bridge safety,
maintenance, and management in a life-cycle context.
The cover photo is the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge. This is a stiffened truss
suspension bridge with the longest span in the world, located in Akashi Strait
connecting by highway the city of Kobe and the Awaji Island in Japan. The central
and total lengths of its three spans are 1,991m and 3,991m, respectively. The bridge
construction took 10 years to complete from 1988 to 1998. The central span was
originally designed to be 1,990m, but the Kobe earthquake of 1995 forced the
two towers, which were still under construction, one meter farther apart. The two
towers of the bridge reach 298m above sea level. The cover image was provided
by Dr. Kiyohiro Imai, Senior Director of the Corporate Planning Department,
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan.
Dan M. Frangopol
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University
117 ATLSS Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015-4729, USA
Email: [email protected]
Sunyong Kim
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro Iksan,
Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]
Contents
Preface iii
1. Probabilistic Concepts and Methods for Bridge Life-Cycle Analysis 1
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Bridge Life-Cycle Performance and Cost Analysis
Under Uncertainty 4
1.2.1 Structural Performance Profiles under Uncertainty 4
1.2.2 Life-Cycle Cost Profiles under Uncertainty 7
1.3 Probability Concepts and Methods for Bridge Life-Cycle Analysis 9
1.3.1 Structural Reliability 9
1.3.2 Reliability of Structural Systems 13
1.3.3 Lifetime Distributions 15
1.3.4 Extreme Value Distributions 19
1.3.5 Exceedance Probability 21
1.4 Structural Performance Indicators 21
1.5 Structural Component Importance 28
1.5.1 Structural Importance without
Considering Reliability of Component 28
1.5.2 Component Importance based on Reliability 28
1.6 Concluding Remarks 33
2. Structural Performance and Service Life 34
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Bridge Service Life Under Uncertainty 36
2.2.1 Uncertainties in Bridge Performance and
Service Life Prediction 36
2.2.2 Benefit from Accurate Bridge Life-Cycle
Performance and Service Life Prediction 38
2.2.3 Loss Function for Structural Performance
Prediction Error 39
2.2.4 Updating Bridge Life-Cycle Performance and
Service Life Prediction 40
viii Bridge Safety, Maintenance and Management in a Life-Cycle Context
2.3 Bridge Performance Deterioration 43
2.3.1 Fatigue Damage Prediction 43
2.3.2 Corrosion Propagation Prediction 47
2.3.3 Probabilistic Structural Performance Prediction 51
2.4 Effects of Inspection and Maintenance on
Bridge Performance and Service Life 52
2.4.1 Formulation of Extended Service Life 53
2.4.2 Effects of Inspection Quality and Time on
Extended Service Life 55
2.4.3 Effects of Maintenance on Extended Service Life 57
2.5 Concluding Remarks 58
3. Inspection and Structural Health Monitoring 59
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Applications of Inspection and Monitoring for
Bridge Management 61
3.2.1 Inspection Methods 61
3.2.2 Structural Health Monitoring Techniques 65
3.2.3 Effect of SHM on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 69
3.3 Bridge Performance Assessment and Prediction Based on
Inspection and Monitoring Data 70
3.4 Availability of Monitoring Data for Performance Prediction 77
3.5 Damage Detection Under Uncertainty 78
3.5.1 Probability of Damage Detection for Multiple
Inspections 78
3.5.2 Damage Detection Time and Delay for
Inspection and Monitoring 79
3.5.3 Damage Detection-Based Probability of Failure 82
3.6 Concluding Remarks 84
4. Bridge Maintenance 85
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Bridge Maintenance and Replacement 87
4.2.1 Preventive Maintenance 88
4.2.2 Essential Maintenance 89
4.2.3 Replacement 89
4.2.4 Effects of Maintenance and Replacement on
Performance, Service Life and Cost of Bridge
Component and System 90
4.3 Bridge Maintenance Modeling 93
4.3.1 Maintenance Modeling Based on Performance Profiles 93
4.3.2 Maintenance Modeling Based on Lifetime Functions 99
4.3.3 Maintenance Modeling Based on Damage Propagation 102
4.3.4 Maintenance Modeling Based on Event Tree 105
4.4 Correlation of Service Life Extensions Due to
Maintenance Actions 108
Contents ix
4.4.1 Effect of Correlation among Service
Life Extensions on Component Service Life 109
4.4.2 Effect of Correlation among Service
Life Extensions on System Service Life 111
4.5 Bridge Maintenance Management Process 116
4.6 Bridge Management Systems 117
4.7 Concluding Remarks 120
5. Life-cycle Performance Analysis and Optimization 122
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 General Concept of Life-Cycle Performance and Cost Analysis 124
5.2.1 General Procedure for Life-Cycle Performance
and Cost Analysis under Uncertainty 124
5.2.2 Reliability-Based Optimum Design of New Bridges 125
5.2.3 Life-Cycle Performance- and Cost-Based
Optimum Bridge Design 127
5.2.4 Life-Cycle Performance- and Cost-Based
Optimum Management of Existing Bridges 128
5.3 Objectives Of Optimum Life-Cycle Bridge
Management Planning 129
5.3.1 Performance-Based Objectives 129
5.3.2 Cost-Based Objectives 132
5.3.3 Damage Detection-Based Objectives 133
5.3.4 Service Life-Based Objectives 135
5.3.5 Risk-Based Objectives 135
5.4 Optimization and Decision Making for
Life-Cycle Bridge Management Planning 136
5.4.1 Correlation among Objectives 137
5.4.2 Essential Objectives 139
5.4.3 Multi-Objective Optimization Methods 139
5.4.4 Multi-Attribute Decision Making 140
5.5 Concluding Remarks 142
6. Applications of Optimum Life-Cycle Bridge Management Planning 143
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Probabilistic Bridge Performance And Service Life Prediction 144
6.2.1 Bridge Performance Prediction Using State Functions 144
6.2.2 Bridge Performance and Service Life Prediction
Using Lifetime Distributions 147
6.2.3 Bridge Performance and Service Life Prediction
Based on Inspection and Monitoring 147
6.3 Probabilistic Optimum Bridge Inspection and
Monitoring Planning 149
6.3.1 Optimum Inspection Planning 150
6.3.2 Optimum Monitoring Planning 153
6.3.3 Optimum Combined Inspection and Monitoring Planning 156
