Bridge Management

662 Pages·2007·659.476 MB·English

by  Bojidar Yanev

Bridge Management
Bridge Management. Bojidar Yanev
Copyright2007JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-69162-4
Bridge Management
Bojidar Yanev
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Yanev,Bojidar,1947–
Bridgemanagement/byBojidarYanev.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN-13978-0-471-69162-4(cloth)
ISBN0-471-69162-3(cloth)
1. Bridges—Maintenanceandrepair. 2. Bridgefailures—Prevention. 3.
Bridges—Inspection. I. Title.
TG315.V362006
624.2028(cid:1)8—dc22
2006013363
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction: Engineeringand Management 1
Chapter 1 Engineering and Management: The Dynamic Equilibrium 3
1.1 Assets, Activities, Statics, and Dynamics 4
1.2 Art, Science, Empiricism, and Abstraction 4
1.3 Engineers as Managers 16
1.4 Engineers and Managers 32
1.5 Demand and Supply 45
1.6 Knowledge and Information 65
1.7 Benefits and Costs 71
1.8 Determinism, Uncertainty, and Faith in Theory and
Application 74
1.9 Vagueness, Ignorance, and Randomness 78
1.10 Objectivity and Subjectivity; Quantity and Quality 79
1.11 Competence and Qualifications 82
Part I Demand: From Structures to System 89
Chapter 2 Objectives, Constraints, Needs, and Priorities 91
2.1 Maximizing Utility 91
2.2 Optimizing Objectives 94
2.3 Prioritizing Actions 96
2.4 Minimizing Risk 101
Chapter 3 Failures 103
3.1 Understanding and/or Avoiding 107
3.2 Catastrophic Failures 108
3.3 Partial Failures, Near Failures, and Overdesign 109
3.4 Causes 121
v
vi Contents
3.5 Compounded Effects and Coincidences 123
3.6 Lessons 125
Chapter 4 Vulnerabilities in Product and Process 128
4.1 Management 139
4.1.1 Administration 139
4.1.2 Personnel 143
4.1.3 Emergency Management/DamageControl 144
4.1.4 Ignorance/Miscommunication 152
4.1.5 Economy and Economics 162
4.1.6 External Causes and Sphere of Competence 184
4.1.7 BMS/MIS 186
4.2 Analysis and Design 187
4.2.1 Specifications 188
4.2.2 Model 190
4.2.3 Connections 208
4.2.4 Loads 218
4.3 Design and Construction 244
4.3.1 Materials 244
4.3.2 Construction 270
4.3.3 Maintainability, Repairability, and Inspectability 273
4.4 Maintenance (Section 11.4) 278
4.5 Inspection (Section 14.5) 282
4.5.1 Structural Diagnostics and Health Monitoring (Sections 10.6
and 15.1) 284
4.6 Operation 285
4.6.1 Movable Bridges 285
4.6.2 Safety of Field Operations 286
4.7 Anticipation of Vulnerabilities 287
Chapter 5 Probability of Failure 291
5.1 Risk Assessment 292
5.2 Structural Reliability 293
5.3 Network Reliability 306
5.4 Process Reliability 307
5.5 Reanalysis 308
Part II Assessments:Bridge Management Support Systems 309
Chapter 6 System and Structure 311
Chapter 7 Data Management 316
Chapter 8 Inventory 321
8.1 Essential Parameters 322
8.2 Types of Bridges 322
8.3 Components, Elements, and Members 323
Contents vii
Chapter 9 Assessments: Conditions, Needs, and Resources 326
9.1 Supply of and Demand for Expertise 331
9.2 Needs/Response Options 332
9.3 Quantity/Quality and Determinism/Uncertainty 333
9.4 Change over Time 334
9.5 Size, Complexity, and Importance 334
Chapter 10 Structural Conditions 336
10.1 Serviceability 336
10.1.1 Serviceability Forecasts 337
10.2 Structural Vulnerability 338
10.2.1 Vulnerability Forecasts 339
10.3 Potential Hazards 340
10.3.1 Potential-Hazard Forecasts 341
10.4 Structural Condition Evaluation 343
10.4.1 Rating/Descriptive 343
10.4.2 Defect/Action 344
10.4.3 Elements 345
10.4.4 From Element to Bridge Condition Rating 347
10.4.5 Structural Condition Forecasts 348
10.5 Load Ratings 362
10.5.1 Load Posting 362
10.5.2 Load Rating Forecasts 362
10.6 Diagnostics 364
10.6.1 From Diagnosis to Prognosis 365
10.7 Summary 367
Chapter 11 Needs 368
11.1 Quality and Quantity of Services 371
11.1.1 Options and Definitions 371
11.2 Hazard Mitigation 375
11.3 Rehabilitation and Replacement 376
11.4 Maintenance and Repair 378
11.5 Economic Assessments 398
11.5.1 Benefit–Cost Analysis 402
Chapter 12 Decision Making 412
12.1 Strategic Planning/Asset Management 414
12.2 Optimization 417
12.3 Implementation 419
Part III Execution: From System to Structures 423
Chapter 13 Tasks and Operations 425
13.1 Administration 425
13.2 Quality Assurance and Control, Peer Review 426
13.3 Responsibility, Accountability, and Liability 428
viii Contents
13.4 Design/Construction 429
13.5 Maintenance and Repair 433
Chapter 14 Structural Inspection and Evaluation 436
14.1 National Bridge Inspection Standards 436
14.2 Special-Emphasis Details 437
14.3 Inspection Types 447
14.4 Personnel 472
14.5 Inspection Reliability and Quality (QC&QA) 479
Chapter 15 New Technologies and BMS 486
15.1 Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 486
15.2 Structural Health Monitoring 497
15.3 Expert Systems 503
15.4 Intelligent Transportation Systems 503
15.5 BMS Management 504
Chapter 16 Conclusion 507
References 511
Appendixes 533
Appendix 1. ‘‘The Deacon’s Masterpiece or the Wonderful One-Hoss
Shay’’by Oliver Wendell Holmes 533
Appendix 2. Bayesian Statistical Decision Theory and Reliability-Based
Design 536
Appendix 3. ‘‘The Machine That Won the War’’by I. Asimov 537
Appendix 4. Conditional Probability 537
Appendix 5. Uncertainty 539
Appendix 6. Quantitative Management Techniques 540
Appendix 7. Structural Reliability 541
Appendix 8. Optimization 545
Appendix 9. Probability 546
Appendix 10. Upper and Lower Bound Theorems of Plastic Frame
Analysis 548
Appendix 11. Highlights of History of U.S. National Bridge Inventory
(NBI) 549
Appendix 12. First Costs 550
Appendix 13. Network and Project Bridge Management 551
Appendix 14. U.S. National Bridge Inventory (NBI) and Proposed NBI
Specifications 552
Appendix 15. Analytical Tools for Asset Management 555
Appendix 16. Bridge Management System (BMS) 557
Appendix 17. Bridge Reliability Accounting for Redundancy 561
Appendix 18. Data Integration 564
Appendix 19. Privatization 567
Appendix 20. State Highway Letting Program Management 569
Appendix 21. Warranty, Multiparameter, and Best-Value
Contracting 570
Contents ix
Appendix 22. Emergency Management 571
Appendix 23. Linkages between Transportation Investments and
Economic Performance 573
Appendix 24. System Development 575
Appendix 25. Loading Combinations and Limit States 575
Appendix 26. Structural Stability 578
Appendix 27. Effective Slab Width for Composite Action 588
Appendix 28. Live-Load Distribution Factors 588
Appendix 29. Superstructure Deflections 589
Appendix 30. AASHTO Design Live Loads 590
Appendix 31. Impact Factors 590
Appendix 32. Seismic Design Criteria for Bridges and Other Highway
Structures 592
Appendix 33. Prioritization of Seismic Vulnerabilities 593
Appendix 34. Bridge Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (BLCCA) 599
Appendix 35. Hambly’s Paradox 600
Appendix 36. Optimization Models 601
Appendix 37. Numerical Optimization 602
Appendix 38. Minimizing Life-Cycle Costs of Catastrophic Structural
Failures 604
Appendix 39. General Categories of Performance Indicators for Decision
Making 605
Appendix 40. Condition Rating Systems 606
Appendix 41. Bridge Condition Ratings 614
Appendix 42. Expert Systems (ESs) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) 618
Appendix 43. Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithms
(GAs) 620
Appendix 44. Condition Deterioration Models 621
Appendix 45. AASHTO Load Rating 626
Appendix 46. Flags 630
Appendix 47. Expert Systems for Bridge Management 637
Appendix 48. Preventive Maintenance (PM)/Maintainability 638
Appendix 49. User Cost Estimates 640
Appendix 50. Glossary of Highway Quality Assurance Terms 642
Appendix 51. Design Exception Practices 643
Appendix 52. Maintenance Implementation 643
Appendix 53. NBIS Qualifications of Personnel 645
Index 647
Preface
In general, it is a sign of the man who knows and of the man who does not know, that
the former can teach, and therefore we think art moretrulyknowledgethanexperience,
for artists can teach,and men of mereexperiencecannot.
Aristotle,Metaphysics(Book 1, 981b, 1941)
Aristotle believed that the acquisition of knowledge resulted in a state opposite to
the one at the origin of the inquiry (Metaphysics, 983a). Twenty-four centuries after his
prediction, art is produced by individualistic and therefore unique talents, whereas ex-
perience is studied and reproduced by people and machines. The tangible advantagesof
training are increasingly preferred to the less specific benefits of education. Hence, the
demand for teaching bridge management is exceeded by the interest in the tools for
practicing it. The subject is presumed to be premature for beginners and superfluousfor
experts. The basics are presented in many excellent publications on structural analysis,
design, construction, maintenance, operation, inspection,rehabilitation,economics,com-
puterscience,andinformationtheory.Thelatestdevelopmentsarereportedinconference
proceedings, government agency directives, theNationalCooperativeHighwayResearch
Program (NCHRP), manuals, handbooks, and periodicals and on the Internet.
TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD,1992,p.17)
attempted to define bridge management as follows:
Thetermbridgemanagementencompassesabroadrangeofactivitiesaimedatensuring
the safety and functionality of bridges. An efficient bridge management scheme is nec-
essary to support the highway and bridge agencies’organizational set-up and their ad-
ministrative and technical functions. . . . Above all, adequate qualified and well-trained
manpowerwithclearresponsibilitiesanddutiesmustbeensured.Thepersonnelmustbe
awareof its role in the differentmanagementprocesses.’’
The scheme in the preceding description is a bridge management support system
(BMS) for agencies and for specific operations. ‘‘Adequately qualifiedandwell-trained’’
personnel supporting the BMS ‘‘must be ensured,’’ but not necessarily by a supply of
authoritative instruction. Visionary strategists have no detailed knowledge of individual
projects, whereas hands-on managers cannot afford a global network vision. A text can
never be definitive, but it risks becoming obsolete or redundant even beforepublication.
Rigorous treatments of specific aspects do not capture the scope of the subject. General
descriptions run the risk of becoming all-inclusive and rambling.
xi
xii Preface
Noteworthy exceptions include the texts written and coauthored by W. R. Hudson,
such as NCHRP Report 300 (1987) and Hudson et al. (1997) (the latter of which the
author personally provided to this writer shortly before the completion of the present
manuscript). NCHRP Report 300 (1987) described the purpose of the BMS as follows
(p. 1): ‘‘A Bridge Management System should assist decision-makers to selectoptimum
cost-effectivealternativesneeded toachievedesiredlevelsofservicewithintheallocated
funds and to identify future funding requirements. . . . A BMS provides benefits to
administrators, engineers, and managers at all levels within a transportation agency.’’
The demand forcompetent administration,engineering,andmanagementisgrowing
in the following areas:
• Large infrastructure networks comprising technologically diverse structures and
facilities mostly ranging in age between 0 and 150 years
• Dynamic global economy, dependent on the transportation infrastructure
• Rapidly growing capabilities in all areas related to bridge management, including
analysis, construction, data acquisition, and processing
Concluding a three-year mandate as part of the Federal InfrastructureStrategy(FIS)
program, theCommitteeonMeasuringandImprovingInfrastructurePerformance(NRC,
1995) described the state of the art as follows (p. 19):
Increasingly powerful and cost-effective computer-based forecasting and simulation
methodsandnewtechnologyformeasuringandmonitoringsystemconditionshavemade
moresophisticatedapproachestoassessingsystemperformancewidelyavailable.Remote
sensing,real-timemonitoring,andnetworkanalysisandsimulationmodelsprovidepow-
erful new capabilities for measuring system-wide conditions and evaluating system
changes. Thesetoolswillsupportmoremeaningfulmulti-jurisdictionalandmulti-modal
cooperation. Despitetheavailability ofsuch newtools,thereremainmanyimpediments
to infrastructureperformancemeasurementand management.
Einstein (1950) anticipated the arising risks as follows: ‘‘The perfection of means and
confusionofgoalsseemtocharacterizeourage.’’Undertheassaultoftechnicaladvances
and social change, expertise and its products are equally maintenance intensive. Profes-
sionals struggle to keep up with the latest information and technology.Professionscom-
pete for managerial responsibilities. In order to assert itself as a discipline,management
tends to impose an accelerated pace on structures intended to span over generations of
users. DavidBrookscommented (NewYorkTimes,July20,2004,op-ed,p.A19,column
1) that ‘‘too many universities have become professional information transmission sys-
tems.’’In the dynamic exchange between academic education and market demands, the
risk of knowledge obsolescence is matched by the hazards of indiscriminateinnovation.
According to Shenk (1997, p. 91), ‘‘the proliferation of expert opinion has ushered in a
virtual anarchy of expertise.’’
Bridge management has resisted anarchy by polarizing into top-down and ground-
up schools. In the past, managers rose from the ground up as engineers, builders, or
craftsmen, educated in design, construction, and the related trades (including the mili-
tary). The recent advances in statistics, probability,quantitativeanalysis,systemsdesign,