Bridge Engineering Handbook, Fundamentals

574 Pages·2014·31.78 MB·English

by  Wai-Fah Chen

Bridge Engineering Handbook
SECOND EDITION
Published in ive books:
offers design concepts, speciications, and practice, as well as the various types of bridges.
innovative, and traditional methods and practices, explores rehabilitation, retroit, and
The irst book,
design speciications, structural modeling, fatigue and fracture.
What’s New in the Second Edition:
• Covers the basic concepts, theory and special topics of bridge engineering
• Includes seven new chapters: Finite Element Method, High Speed Railway Bridges,
Concrete Design, Steel Design, Structural Performance Indicators for Bridges,
High Performance Steel, and Design and Damage Evaluation Methods for
Reinforced Concrete Beams under Impact Loading
FUNDA MENTALS
• Provides substantial updates to existing chapters, including Conceptual Design,
Bridge Aesthetics: Achieving Structural Art in Bridge Design, and Application of
Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Bridges
EDITED BY
Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Bridge Engineering Handbook
SECOND EDITION
FundamentaLS
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Fundamentals
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Superstructure Design
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Substructure Design
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Seismic Design
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Construction and Maintenance
Bridge Engineering Handbook
SECOND EDITION
Funda mentaLS
Edited by
Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Foreword ..................................................................................................................vii
Preface to the Second Edition ..................................................................................ix
Preface to the First Edition ......................................................................................xi
Editors .................................................................................................................... xiii
Contributors ............................................................................................................xv
1 Conceptual Design ............................................................................................1
Man-Chung Tang
2 Aesthetics: Basics ............................................................................................29
Fritz Leonhardt
3 Bridge Aesthetics: Achieving Structural Art in Bridge Design .....................49
Frederick Gottemoeller
4 Planning of Major Fixed Links .......................................................................77
Erik Yding Andersen, Lars Hauge, and Dietrich L. Hommel
5 Highway Bridge Design Specifications ......................................................... 113
John M. Kulicki
6 Highway Bridge Loads and Load Distribution ..............................................131
Susan E. Hida
7 Railroad Bridge Design Specifications .........................................................143
Donald F. Sorgenfrei, Ward N. Marianos, Jr., and Robert A.P. Sweeney
8 High-Speed Railway Bridges .........................................................................159
Jeder Hseih and Fu-Hsiang Wu
9 Structural Performance Indicators for Bridges ............................................ 185
Dan M. Frangopol and Duygu Saydam
10 Structural Theory ..........................................................................................207
Xila Liu and Leiming Zhang
11 Finite Element Method ..................................................................................225
Eiki Yamaguchi
v
vi Contents
12 Structural Modeling ......................................................................................253
Alexander Krimotat and Hassan Sedarat
13 Concrete Design ............................................................................................271
Monte Smith
14 Steel Design ...................................................................................................305
James A. Swanson
15 Timber Design ...............................................................................................341
Kenneth J. Fridley and Lian Duan
16 Application of Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Bridges ..................................371
Dagmar Svecova, Atab Muti, and Baidar Bakht
17 High Performance Steel ................................................................................407
Eiki Yamaguchi
18 Effective Length of Compression Members .................................................427
Lian Duan, Honggang Lei, and Wai-Fah Chen
19 Fatigue and Fracture .....................................................................................451
Robert J. Dexter, John W. Fisher, and Sougata Roy
20 Weight Distributions of Highway Steel Bridges ...........................................479
Shouji Toma
21 Design and Damage Evaluation Methods for Reinforced
Concrete Beams under Impact Loading .......................................................501
Norimitsu Kishi
22 Wind Effects on Long-Span Bridges .............................................................535
Steve C.S. Cai, Wei Zhang, and Serge Montens
Foreword
hroughout the history of civilization bridges have been the icons of cities, regions, and countries. All
bridges are useful for transportation, commerce, and war. Bridges are necessary for civilization to exist,
and many bridges are beautiful. A few have become the symbols of the best, noblest, and most beautiful
that mankind has achieved. he secrets of the design and construction of the ancient bridges have been
lost, but how could one not marvel at the magniicence, for example, of the Roman viaducts?
he second edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook expands and updates the previous edition
by including the new developments of the irst decade of the twenty-irst century. Modern bridge
engineering has its roots in the nineteenth century, when wrought iron, steel, and reinforced concrete
began to compete with timber, stone, and brick bridges. By the beginning of World War II, the
transportation infrastructure of Europe and North America was essentially complete, and it served to
sustain civilization as we know it. he iconic bridge symbols of modern cities were in place: Golden Gate
Bridge of San Francisco, Brooklyn Bridge, London Bridge, Eads Bridge of St. Louis, and the bridges of
Paris, Lisbon, and the bridges on the Rhine and the Danube. Budapest, my birthplace, had seven beauti-
ful bridges across the Danube. Bridge engineering had reached its golden age, and what more and better
could be attained than that which was already achieved?
hen came World War II, and most bridges on the European continent were destroyed. All seven
bridges of Budapest were blown apart by January 1945. Bridge engineers ater the war were suddenly
forced to start to rebuild with scant resources and with open minds. A renaissance of bridge engineering
started in Europe, then spreading to America, Japan, China, and advancing to who knows where in
the world, maybe Siberia, Africa? It just keeps going! he past 60 years of bridge engineering have
brought us many new forms of bridge architecture (plate girder bridges, cable stayed bridges, segmen-
tal prestressed concrete bridges, composite bridges), and longer spans. Meanwhile enormous knowl-
edge and experience have been amassed by the profession, and progress has beneitted greatly by the
availability of the digital computer. he purpose of the Bridge Engineering Handbook is to bring much of
this knowledge and experience to the bridge engineering community of the world. he contents encom-
pass the whole s pectrum of the life cycle of the bridge, from conception to demolition.
he editors have convinced 146 experts from many parts of the world to contribute their knowledge
and to share the secrets of their successful and unsuccessful experiences. Despite all that is known, there
are still failures: engineers are human, they make errors; nature is capricious, it brings unexpected sur-
prises! But bridge engineers learn from failures, and even errors help to foster progress.
he Bridge Engineering Handbook, second edition consists of ive books:
Fundamentals
Superstructure Design
Substructure Design
Seismic Design
Construction and Maintenance
vii
viii Foreword
Fundamentals, Superstructure Design, and Substructure Design present the many topics n ecessary
for planning and designing modern bridges of all types, made of many kinds of materials and s ystems,
and subject to the typical loads and environmental efects. Seismic Design and Construction and
Maintenance recognize the importance that bridges in parts of the world where there is a chance of
earthquake o ccurrences must survive such an event, and that they need inspection, maintenance, and
possible repair throughout their intended life span. Seismic events require that a bridge sustain repeated
dynamic load cycles without functional failure because it must be part of the postearthquake lifeline for
the afected area. Construction and Maintenance touches on the many very important aspects of bridge
management that become more and more important as the world’s bridge inventory ages.
he editors of the Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition are to be highly commended for
undertaking this efort for the beneit of the world’s bridge engineers. he enduring result will be a safer
and more cost efective family of bridges and bridge systems. I thank them for their efort, and I also
thank the 146 contributors.
heodore V. Galambos, PE
Emeritus professor of structural engineering
University of Minnesota
Preface to the
Second Edition
In the approximately 13 years since the original edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook was p ublished
in 2000, we have received numerous letters, e-mails, and reviews from readers including educators and
practitioners commenting on the handbook and suggesting how it could be improved. We have also
built up a large ile of ideas based on our own experiences. With the aid of all this information, we have
completely revised and updated the handbook. In writing this Preface to the Second Edition, we assume
readers have read the original Preface. Following its tradition, the second edition handbook stresses
professional applications and practical solutions; describes the basic concepts and assumptions omitting
the derivations of formulas and theories; emphasizes seismic design, rehabilitation, retroit and main-
tenance; covers traditional and new, innovative practices; provides over 2500 tables, charts, and illus-
trations in ready-to-use format and an abundance of worked-out examples giving readers step-by-step
design procedures. he most signiicant changes in this second edition are as follows:
• he handbook of 89 chapters is published in ive books: Fundamentals, Superstructure Design,
Substructure Design, Seismic Design, and Construction and Maintenance.
• Fundamentals, with 22 chapters, combines Section I, Fundamentals, and Section VI, Special
Topics, of the original edition and covers the basic concepts, theory and special topics of bridge
engineering. Seven new chapters are Finite Element Method, High-Speed Railway Bridges,
Structural Performance Indicators for Bridges, Concrete Design, Steel Design, High Performance
Steel, and Design and Damage Evaluation Methods for Reinforced Concrete Beams under Impact
Loading. hree chapters including Conceptual Design, Bridge Aesthetics: Achieving Structural
Art in Bridge Design, and Application of Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Bridges, are completely
rewritten. hree special topic chapters, Weigh-In-Motion Measurement of Trucks on Bridges,
Impact Efect of Moving Vehicles, and Active Control on Bridge Engineering, were deleted.
• Superstructure Design, with 19 chapters, provides information on how to design all types of bridges.
Two new chapters are Extradosed Bridges and Stress Ribbon Pedestrian Bridges. he Prestressed
Concrete Girder Bridges chapter is completely rewritten into two chapters: Precast–Pretensioned
Concrete Girder Bridges and Cast-In-Place Posttensioned Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges.
he Bridge Decks and Approach Slabs chapter is completely rewritten into two chapters: Concrete
Decks and Approach Slabs. Seven chapters, including Segmental Concrete Bridges, Composite
Steel I-Girder Bridges, Composite Steel Box Girder Bridges, Arch Bridges, Cable-Stayed Bridges,
Orthotropic Steel Decks, and Railings, are completely rewritten. he chapter Reinforced Concrete
Girder Bridges was deleted because it is rarely used in modern time.
• Substructure Design has 11 chapters and addresses the various substructure components. A new
chapter, Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation, is added. he Geotechnical Consideration
chapter is completely rewritten and retitled as Ground Investigation. he Abutments and
ix