Bridge and Highway Structure Rehabilitation and Repair

657 Pages·2010·12.3 MB·English

by  Mohiuddin Khan

Bridge and Highway Structure
Rehabilitation and Repair
About the Author
DR. MOHIUDDIN A. KHAN is a consulting engineer. He helped to develop the NJ State Bridge
Design Manual, and is coauthor of the FHWA-approved Handbook of Scour Countermeasures.
Dr. Khan is registered as a licensed professional engineer in fi ve states and is a chartered engi-
neer from England. As a bridge engineer, he is familiar with both U.S. and European practices.
He has recently designed curved girder bridges and VMS/CMS sign structures. Dr. Khan is
Chairman of Structures Group for ASCE, Philadelphia Section, served on ASCE Methods of
Analysis Committee for six years, and is a member of the ASCE National Seismic Effects
Committee. He teaches bridge inspection and design to graduate classes and practicing engi-
neers at Drexel, Widener, and Temple Universities. Dr. Khan is conducting research in deck
vibrations, integral abutments, and seismic design of bridges for the New Jersey Departments
of Transportation and at Temple University in Philadelphia.
Bridge and Highway Structure
Rehabilitation and Repair
Mohiuddin A. Khan
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Contents
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii
SYMBOLS, NOTATIONS, AND TERMINOLOGY xix
SECTION 1 ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES 1
Chapter 1 Overview of Bridge Engineering 1
1.1 REHABILITATION AS A MODERN INDUSTRY - 1
1.2 A FRESH APPROACH TO MAINTENANCE - 4
1.3 THE NEED TO KEEP BRIDGES FUNCTIONAL - 7
1.4 MAINTENANCE OF A SUPERSTRUCTURE - 12
1.5 MAINTENANCE/REPLACEMENT OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE - 13
1.6 OVERVIEW OF MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES - 16
1.7 A STRATEGIC PLAN TOWARD REPAIR AND REHABILITATION - 21
1.8 A LOOK AHEAD FOR PROGRESS IN MAINTENANCE - 23
1.9 THE MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION OF TRAFFIC DURING CONSTRUCTION - 28
1.10 SUCCESS OF WELL-MAINTAINED STRUCTURES - 31
1.11 DEFICIENT STRUCTURES - 33
1.12 PRESERVING AESTHETICS - 34
1.13 MAINTAINING THE ENVIRONMENT - 35
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 37
v
vi CONTENTS
Chapter 2 Diagnostic Design and Selective Reconstruction 39
2.1 MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING - 39
2.2 THE REHABILITATION PROCESS - 44
2.3 PROGRESSIVE DESIGN PHASES FOR CONTINUITY - 52
2.4 THE ROLE OF REDUNDANCY AND FRACTURE CRITICAL MEMBERS - 60
2.5 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN MAINTAINING INFRASTRUCTURE - 61
2.6 COMBINING OLD AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR REHABILITATION - 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 73
Chapter 3 Bridge Failure Studies and Safety Engineering 75
3.1 HISTORY OF DISASTERS AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT - 75
3.2 THE ROLE OF FORENSIC ENGINEERING - 78
3.3 MANY ASPECTS OF FAILURES - 81
3.4 A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH - 81
3.5 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF RECENT FAILURES - 85
3.6 DESIGN DEFICIENCY AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 92
3.7 FATIGUE FAILURES AND SUGGESTED PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 94
3.8 CONSTRUCTION DEFICIENCY AND SUGGESTED PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 95
3.9 VESSEL COLLISION OR FLOATING ICE AND SUGGESTED PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 99
3.10 TRAIN ACCIDENTS CAUSING BRIDGE DAMAGE AND PREVENTIVE ACTION - 101
3.11 VEHICLE IMPACT AND PREVENTIVE ACTION - 102
3.12 BLAST LOAD AND PREVENTIVE ACTION - 103
3.13 FIRE DAMAGE TO SUPERSTRUCTURES AND PREVENTIVE ACTION - 104
3.14 SUBSTRUCTURE DAMAGE DUE TO EARTHQUAKE AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS - 105
3.15 WIND AND HURRICANE ENGINEERING - 109
3.16 LACK OF MAINTENANCE AND NEGLECT - 110
3.17 UNFORESEEN CAUSES LEADING TO FAILURES - 112
3.18 A POSTMORTEM OF FAILURES - 114
3.19 THE STUDY OF MODES OF FAILURE - 116
3.20 STEPS TO AVOID FAILURES - 117
3.21 REITERATING NEEDED PREVENTIVE MEASURES - 124
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 128
CONTENTS vii
SECTION 2 STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR WORK 133
Chapter 4 An Analytical Approach to Fracture and Failure 133
4.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS USED IN DEVELOPING COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 133
4.2 STRESS ANALYSIS - 135
4.3 REVIEW OF ELASTIC ANALYSIS - 137
4.4 ANALYSIS OF SLAB BEAM BRIDGES - 138
4.5 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE - 140
4.6 EFFECT OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON BRIDGE BEHAVIOR - 143
4.7 FULL COMPOSITE (ARCHING AND DOME) ACTION IN SLAB AND BEAMS - 146
4.8 NUMERICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS - 151
4.9 ANALYSIS OF APPROACH SLAB RESTING ON GRADE - 152
4.10 NONLINEAR ANALYSIS IN STEEL AND CONCRETE - 159
4.11 SINGLE SPAN LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS - 161
4.12 SELECTION OF STEEL GIRDERS - 162
4.13 REVIEW OF COMMON FAILURE THEORIES - 169
4.14 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL SECTIONS - 172
4.15 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL NON-COMPOSITE SECTION - 173
4.16 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS - 174
4.17 SHEAR DESIGN FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE AND PRESTRESSED BEAMS - 180
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 182
Chapter 5 Load and Resistance Factor Rating and Redesign 185
5.1 RATING AND REDESIGN METHODS - 185
5.2 UTILIZING ULTIMATE LOAD BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS - 190
5.3 LRFD SERVICE LOAD REQUIREMENTS - 194
5.4 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE - 204
5.5 SELECTION OF TRUCK LIVE LOADS - 209
5.6 DETAILED AASHTO LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR RATING AND DESIGN - 216
5.7 CONSTRUCTION LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS - 223
5.8 LRFD LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY, AND EXTREME
CONDITIONS - 226
5.9 LRFD T-BEAM BRIDGE DESIGN - 228
5.10 SOFTWARE FOR SUPERSTRUCTURE - 232
viii CONTENTS
5.11 SOFTWARE FOR SUBSTRUCTURE - 233
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 234
Chapter 6 Applications of Bridge Design and Rating Methods 237
6.1 INTRODUCTION - 237
6.2 LIMIT STATES DESIGN EQUATION - 237
6.3 LEGAL LOADS - 240
6.4 SIMPLIFIED FORMULA - 246
6.5 RATING PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE AND STEEL BRIDGES - 255
6.6 RATING OF SECONDARY STRUCTURAL MEMBERS - 260
6.7 EXAMPLE OF LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR RATING (LRFR) - 261
6.8 DESIGN OF A DECK SLAB - 266
6.9 RATING PROCEDURE FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE T-BEAM BRIDGE - 274
6.10 RATING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDER - 276
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 279
Chapter 7 Bridge Widening and Deck Replacement Strategy 281
7.1 SELECTING BRIDGE WIDENING OR REPLACEMENT - 281
7.2 SUPERSTRUCTURE WIDENING - 284
7.3 REHABILITATION/RETROFIT OR REPLACEMENT DECISIONS - 285
7.4 REPLACEMENT PLANNING OR A NEW BRIDGE AT A DIFFERENT LOCATION - 295
7.5 CONSTRUCTABILITY ISSUES - 303
7.6 SUPERSTRUCTURE REPLACEMENT PROCESS - 308
7.7 CASE STUDIES OF ALTERNATES FOR REPLACEMENT OR NEW BRIDGES - 317
7.8 PRACTICAL CASE STUDIES - 318
7.9 SELECTED CASE STUDIES - 328
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 331
SECTION 3 REPAIR AND RETROFIT METHODS 133
Chapter 8 Inspection, Rating and Health Monitoring Techniques 335
8.1 BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) - 335
8.2 BRIDGE INSPECTION LEADING TO DIAGNOSTIC DESIGN - 344
8.3 TYPES OF INSPECTIONS - 349
CONTENTS ix
8.4 BRIDGE COMPONENTS FOR INSPECTION AND STRUCTURAL EVALUATION - 351
8.5 SUBSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS - 357
8.6 FHWA CONDITION AND SUFFICIENCY RATINGS - 359
8.7 DUTIES, QUALIFICATIONS, AND TRAINING OF INSPECTORS - 364
8.8 OVERLOAD PREVENTION - 366
8.9 SUPERSTRUCTURE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY - 367
8.10 CONDITION RATING FOR EXTREME EVENTS - 368
8.11 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING (SHM) AS A RATING AND DIAGNOSTIC TOOL - 372
8.12 MONITORING USING NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION (NDE) AND MODERN
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT) METHODS - 380
8.13 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE FOR BRIDGES OVER WATERWAYS - 383
8.14 CONCEPT STUDY REPORT, PLANS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS - 387
8.15 VALUATION OF UNKNOWN FOUNDATIONS - 390
8.16 DISASTER MANAGEMENT - 390
8.17 TRAINING AND REGISTRATION NEEDS - 391
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 391
Chapter 9 Conventional Repair Methods 397
9.1 SCOPE OF CONCRETE AND STEEL REPAIRS AND RELATED WORK - 397
9.2 ASSOCIATED TASKS AND TEAMWORK - 406
9.3 SHORT-TERM REPAIRS IN LIEU OF REPLACEMENT - 412
9.4 PRIORITIZATION OF BRIDGE DECKS - 414
9.5 SCOPE OF REPAIRS - 417
9.6 ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES OF REPAIRS - 419
9.7 REHABILITATION OF STEEL AND PREVENTION OF CORROSION - 426
9.8 GALVANIC TECHNOLOGY - 431
9.9 CORROSION IN THE POST-TENSIONING REGIONS OF BEAMS - 433
9.10 DEVELOPING NEW CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS - 433
9.11 DRAINAGE - 434
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 434
Chapter 10 Concrete Repair Methods 439
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMON REPAIR PROCEDURES - 439
10.2 DETAILS OF REPAIRS - 440