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Brenner & Rector’s
The Kidney
9th Edition
Maarten W. Taal, MBChB, MMed, MD, Alan S. L. Yu, MB, B Chir
FCP(SA), FRCP Harry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of Medicine
Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Associate Professor Director, Division of Nephrology and
Royal Derby Hospital and University of Nottingham Hypertension and the Kidney Institute
Derby, United Kingdom University of Kansas Medical Center
Kansas City, Kansas
Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH
Barry M. Brenner, MD, AM(Hon), DSc(Hon), DMSc(Hon),
Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of Nephrology MD(Hon), Dipl(Hon), FRCP(London, Hon)
Stanford University School of Medicine Samuel A. Levine Distinguished Professor of Medicine
Palo Alto, California Harvard Medical School
Director Emeritus, Renal Division, and Senior Physician
Philip A. Marsden, MD Department of Medicine
Professor of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Keenan Chair in Medical Research at St. Michael’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Oreopoulos-Baxter Division Director of Nephrology
at the University of Toronto
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Karl Skorecki, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Director, Rappaport Research Institute
Technion—Israel Institute of Technology
Director of Medical Research and Development
Rambam Health Care Campus
Haifa, Israel
Volume 1
3
Brenner & Rector’s
The Kidney
9th Edition
Maarten W. Taal, MBChB, MMed, MD, Alan S. L. Yu, MB, B Chir
FCP(SA), FRCP Harry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of Medicine
Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Associate Professor Director, Division of Nephrology and
Royal Derby Hospital and University of Nottingham Hypertension and the Kidney Institute
Derby, United Kingdom University of Kansas Medical Center
Kansas City, Kansas
Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH
Barry M. Brenner, MD, AM(Hon), DSc(Hon), DMSc(Hon),
Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of Nephrology MD(Hon), Dipl(Hon), FRCP(London, Hon)
Stanford University School of Medicine Samuel A. Levine Distinguished Professor of Medicine
Palo Alto, California Harvard Medical School
Director Emeritus, Renal Division, and Senior Physician
Philip A. Marsden, MD Department of Medicine
Professor of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Keenan Chair in Medical Research at St. Michael’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Oreopoulos-Baxter Division Director of Nephrology
at the University of Toronto
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Karl Skorecki, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Director, Rappaport Research Institute
Technion—Israel Institute of Technology
Director of Medical Research and Development
Rambam Health Care Campus
Haifa, Israel
Volume 2
3
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BRENNER & RECTOR’S THE KIDNEY ISBN: 978-1-4160-6193-9
Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1991, 1986, 1981, 1976 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brenner & Rector’s the kidney / [edited by] Maarten W. Taal … [et al.]. -- 9th ed.
p. ; cm.
Brenner and Rector’s the kidney
Kidney
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4160-6193-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Taal, Maarten W. II. Brenner, Barry M., 1937 - III. Rector, Floyd C. IV. Title: Brenner and Rector’s the
kidney. V. Title: Kidney.
[DNLM: 1. Kidney Diseases. 2. Kidney--physiology. 3. Kidney--physiopathology. WJ 300]
LC classification not assigned
616.6’1--dc23
2011032278
Acquisitions Editor: Kate Dimock
Developmental Editor: Joan Ryan
Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson
Project Manager: Clay S. Broeker
Design Direction: Steven Stave
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedicated to our mentor, Barry M. Brenner,
founding editor of The Kidney,
pioneering investigator and visionary academic
CONTRIBUTORS
Andrew Advani, BSc, MBChB(Hons), FRCP(UK), PhD Sevcan A. Bakkaloglu, MD
Assistant Professor Professor of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine
Clinician Scientist and Staff Endocrinologist Department of Pediatric Nephrology
University of Toronto Gazi University
St. Michael’s Hospital Ankara, Turkey
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Children
Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney
Gina-Marie Barletta, MD
Michael Allon, MD Pediatric Nephrology
Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Phoenix Children’s Hospital
University of Alabama at Birmingham Phoenix, Arizona
Birmingham, Alabama Dialysis in Children
Interventional Nephrology
Gavin J. Becker, MD, FRACP
Amanda Hyre Anderson, PhD, MPH Professor and Director of Nephrology
Research Associate The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of
Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne
University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
School of Medicine Renal Disease in the Oceania Region
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Demographics of the Kidney Rinaldo Bellomo, MBBS, MD, FRACP, FCICM
Professor, Department of Medicine
Gerald B. Appel, MD University of Melbourne
Professor of Clinical Medicine Director of Intensive Care Research
Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Department of Intensive Care
The New York Presbyterian Hospital Austin Health
New York, New York Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Secondary Glomerular Disease Critical Care Nephrology
Suheir Assady, MD, PhD Jeffrey S. Berns, MD
Director, Department of Nephrology Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
Rambam Health Care Campus Renal-Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division
Haifa, Israel Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
Near and Middle East Pennsylvania
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Anthony Atala, MD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Director, Institute for Regenerative Medicine Demographics of the Kidney
W.H. Boyce Professor and Chair, Department of Urology
Wake Forest University School of Medicine Vivek Bhalla, MD, FASN
Winston-Salem, North Carolina Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine/Nephrology
Tissue Engineering, Stem Cells, and Cell Therapy in Nephrology Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics
Colin Baigent Stanford, California
Professor of Epidemiology Aldosterone Regulation of Ion Transport
Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological
Studies Unit Jürg Biber, PhD
University of Oxford Institute of Physiology
Oxford, United Kingdom University of Zurich
Cardiovascular Consequences of Kidney Disease Zurich, Switzerland
Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate
v
vi Contributors
Daniel G. Bichet, MD, MSc Donald W. Bowden, PhD
Professor, Medicine and Physiology Professor of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine
Université de Montréal Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research
Nephrologist Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Montreal, Quebec, Canada Genetic Basis of Kidney Disease
Inherited Disorders of the Renal Tubule
Barry M. Brenner, MD, AM(Hon), DSc(Hon), DMSc(Hon),
René J.M. Bindels, PhD MD(Hon), Dipl(Hon), FRCP(London, Hon)
Physiology Samuel A. Levine Distinguished Professor of Medicine
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Harvard Medical School
Nijmegen, The Netherlands Director Emeritus, Renal Division, and Senior Physician
Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Department of Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Melissa B. Bleicher, MD Boston, Massachusetts
Assistant Professor The Renal Circulations and Glomerular Ultrafiltration
Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division Nephron Endowment
Department of Medicine Adaptation to Nephron Loss and Mechanisms of Progression in Chronic
University of Pennsylvania Kidney Disease
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Demographics of Kidney Disease Matthew D. Breyer, MD
Chief Scientific Officer, Lead Generation
Jon D. Blumenfeld, MD Biotechnology Discovery Research
Professor of Clinical Medicine Eli Lilly and Company
Weill Medical College of Cornell University Indianapolis, Indiana
Director Arachidonic Acid Metabolites and the Kidney
Hypertension and the Susan R. Knafel Polycystic Kidney
Richard M. Breyer, PhD
Disease Center
The Rogosin Institute Professor, Medicine (Nephrology)
Attending Physician, Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
New York Presbyterian Hospital Nashville, Tennessee
Arachidonic Acid Metabolites and the Kidney
Attending Physician
The Rockefeller University Hospital
Dennis Brown, PhD
New York, New York
Professor of Medicine
Primary and Secondary Hypertension
Harvard Medical School
Alain Bonnardeaux, MD, PhD Director, MGH Program in Membrane Biology
Full Professor, Medicine MGH Center for Systems Biology and Division of
Université de Montréal Nephrology
Staff Nephrologist Massachusetts General Hospital
Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Simches Research Center
Montreal, Quebec, Canada Boston, Massachusetts
The Cell Biology of Vasopressin Action
Inherited Disorders of the Renal Tubule
Joseph V. Bonventre, MD, PhD Carlo Brugnara, MD
Samuel A. Levine Professor of Medicine Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology
Harvard University Harvard Medical School
Cambridge, Massachusetts Director of the Hematology Laboratory
Chief, Division of Renal Medicine Department of Laboratory Medicine
Chief, Biomedical Engineering Division, Medicine Children’s Hospital Boston
Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Timothy E. Bunchman, MD
Biomarkers in Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases
Professor and Director, Pediatric Nephrology
William D. Boswell, Jr. MD, FACR Children’s Hospital of Richmond
Professor Emeritus of Radiology and Urology Virginia Commonwealth University
Keck School of Medicine Richmond, Virginia
Dialysis in Children
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Professor and Chairman, Department of Diagnostic Radiology
City of Hope National Medical Center
Duarte, California
Diagnostic Kidney Imaging
Contributors vii
David A. Bushinsky, MD Fredric L. Coe, MD
Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology and Physiology Professor of Medicine, Renal Section
Department of Medicine University of Chicago
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Chicago, Illinois
Chief, Division of Nephrology Nephrolithiaisis
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, New York John F. Collins, FRACP
Nephrolithiaisis Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine
University of Auckland
Stéphan Busque, MD, MSc, FRCSC Doctor, Renal Medicine
Associate Professor, Surgery Auckland City Hospital
Stanford University School of Medicine Auckland, New Zealand
Director, Adult Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Program Renal Disease in the Oceania Region
Stanford Hospital and Clinics
Stanford, California H. Terence Cook, FRCPath, FMedSci
Clinical Management Professor of Renal Pathology
Department of Medicine
Juan Jesús Carrero, Pharm, PhD Pharm, PhD Med, MBA Imperial College
Assistant Professor, Division of Renal Medicine London, United Kingdom
Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology The Renal Biopsy
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm, Sweden Ricardo Correa-Rotter, MD
Endocrine Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease Head, Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion Salvador
Daniel Cattran, MD, FRCP(c), FACP Zubirán
Professor of Medicine Professor of Nephrology
Medicine/Nephrology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
University Health Network Mexico City, Mexico
Senior Scientist Peritoneal Dialysis
Toronto General Research Institute
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Shawn E. Cowper, MD
Overview of Therapy for Glomerular Disease Associate Professor of Dermatology and Pathology
Yale University School of Medicine
James C. Chan, MD Yale New Haven Hospital
Professor of Pediatrics New Haven, Connecticut
Tufts University Dermatologic Conditions in Kidney Disease
Boston, Massachusetts
Director of Research, Department of Pediatrics Paolo Cravedi, MD
Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis
Maine Medical Center Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo
Portland, Maine Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Children Bergamo, Italy
Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases of the Kidney
Anil Chandraker, MB, ASN, FRCP
Associate Professor, Medicine Alfonso M. Cueto-Manzano, MD, MSc, PhD
Harvard Medical School Head, Medical Research Unit of Kidney Diseases
Boston, Massachusetts Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, IMSS
Transplantation Immunobiology Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Peritoneal Dialysis
Ingrid J. Chang, MD
Partner and Clinical Physician Vivette D. D’Agati, MD
Western Nephrology Professor of Pathology
Denver, Colorado Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
Extracorporeal Treatment of Poisoning Director, Renal Pathology Laboratory
Department of Pathology
Devasmita Choudhury, MD Columbia University Medical Center
Associate Professor of Medicine New York, New York
University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Secondary Glomerular Disease
Director, In-Center and Home Dialysis
VA North Texas Health Care System
Dallas VA Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
Aging and Kidney Disease
viii Contributors
Mogomat Razeen Davids, MD David H. Ellison, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine and Division Division Chief and Professor of Medicine and Physiology
of Nephrology and Pharmacology
Stellenbosch University Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Head, Division of Nephrology School of Medicine, Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University
Tygerberg Hospital Portland, Oregon
Cape Town, South Africa Diuretics
Interpretation of Electrolyte and Acid-Base Parameters in Blood
and Urine Michael Emmett, MD, MACP
Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine
Scott E. Delacroix, Jr., MD Baylor University Medical Center
Clinical Instructor, Department of Urology Dallas, Texas
Louisiana State University School of Medicine Professor of Internal Medicine
New Orleans, Louisiana Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine
Fellow, Urologic Oncology Bryan, Texas
Department of Urology Approach to the Patient with Kidney Disease
The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, Texas Ronald J. Falk, MD
Renal Neoplasia Allen Brewster Distinguished Professor
UNC Kidney Center
Bradley M. Denker, MD Chief, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
Harvard Medical School Director, UNC Kidney Center
Physician, Division of Nephrology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center University of North Carolina Hospitals
Chief of Nephrology Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates Primary Glomerular Disease
Boston, Massachusetts
Plasmapheresis Harold I. Feldman, MD, MSCE
Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology
Thomas A. Depner, MD Director, Division of Epidemiology, and Director, Clinical
Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Epidemiology Unit
Director of Dialysis Services Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
University of California—Davis Health System Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Sacramento, California Department of Medicine
Hemodialysis Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology
Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division
Thomas D. DuBose, Jr., MD Department of Medicine
Tinsley R. Harrison Professor and Chair of Internal University of Pennsylvania
Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology Demographics of Kidney Disease
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina Robert A. Fenton, BSc(Hons), PhD
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance Professor of Molecular Cell Biology
Department of Biomedicine
Kai-Uwe Eckardt, MD Aarhus University
Professor of Medicine Aahrus, Denmark
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Anatomy of the Kidney
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Urine Concentration and Dilution
Erlangen, Germany The Cell Biology of Vasopressin Action
University Clinic Erlangen
Erlangen, Germany Andrew Z. Fenves, MD, FACP
Community Hospital Nürnberg Director, Nephrology Division
Nürnberg, Germany Internal Medicine
Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease Baylor University Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
Mohamed T. Eldehni, MD, MSc, MRCP(UK) Professor of Internal Medicine
Research Fellow in Renal Medicine Internal Medicine
School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine
University of Nottingham Medical School at Derby Bryan, Texas
Derby, United Kingdom Approach to the Patient with Kidney Disease
Prescribing Drugs in Kidney Disease
Contributors ix
Kevin W. Finkel, MD, FACP, FASN, FCCM Jørgen Frøkiaer, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine and Director Professor, Institute of Clinical Medicine
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Aarhus University
Professor of Medicine Chief Physician
General Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology Department of Clinical Physiology
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Aarhus University Hospital
Chief of Nephrology Aarhus, Denmark
Memorial-Herman Hospital, Texas Medical Center Urinary Tract Obstruction
Houston, Texas
Renal Disease in Cancer Patients John W. Funder, MD, PhD, FRACP, FRCP
Senior Fellow, Prince Henry’s Institute
Paola Fioretto, MD, PhD Monash Medical Centre
Professor of Endocrinology Clayton, Australia
University of Padua Medical School Aldosterone Regulation of Ion Transport
Padua, Italy
Diabetic Nephropathy David S. Game, MA(Cantab), BMBCh(Oxon,) PhD,
MRCP(UK)
Damian G. Fogarty, BSc, MD, FRCP Consultant Nephrologist
Senior Lecturer in Renal Medicine Guy’s Hospital
Centre for Public Health Kings Health Partners
Queen’s University of Belfast London, United Kingdom
Consultant Nephrologist Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney
Regional Nephrology and Transplant Unit
Belfast City Hospital at the Belfast Health and Social Care Richard E. Gilbert, MBBS, PhD, FRCPC
Trust Professor of Medicine and Canada Research Chair
Belfast, Northern Ireland University of Toronto
Chairman, United Kingdom Renal Registry St. Michael’s Hospital
A Stepped Care Approach to the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney
John R. Foringer, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine Jared J. Grantham, MD
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension University Distinguished Professor
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Kidney Institute/Internal Medicine
Chief of Medicine Kansas University Medical Center
LBJ General Hospital University Distinguished Professor
Associate Professor of Medicine Internal Medicine
General Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology University of Kansas Hospital
The University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center Kansas City, Kansas
Houston, Texas Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
Renal Disease in Cancer Patients
Mitchell L. Halperin, MD, FRCPC, FRS
Denis Fouque, MD, PhD Emeritus Professor of Medicine
Professor of Nephrology Medicine/Nephrology
University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Staff, Research Division
Chief Keenan Research Building
Division of Nephrology Li Ka Shing Medical Knowledge Institute
Hospital Edouard Herriot Attending Staff, Nephrology
Lyon, France Medicine
Dietary Approaches to Kidney Diseases St. Michaels Hospital
University of Toronto
Barry I. Freedman, MD Toronto, Ontario, Canada
John H. Felts, III Professor and Chief Interpretation of Electrolytes and Acid-Base Parameters in Blood
Section on Nephrology and Urine
Professor, Urology
Wake Forest School of Medicine Matthew Hand, DO
Winston-Salem, North Carolina Division Director, Pediatric Nephrology
Genetic Basis of Kidney Disease Tufts/Maine Medical Center School of Medicine
Division Director, Pediatric Nephrology
Pediatrics
The Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital at Maine Medical
Center
Portland, Maine
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Children
