Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species

294 Pages·2009·2.66 MB·English

by  Thomas M. Gradziel (auth.)

Breeding Plantation Tree Crops:
Temperate Species
S. Mohan Jain P.M. Priyadarshan
l
Editors
Breeding Plantation Tree
Crops: Temperate Species
1 3
Editors
S.MohanJain P.M.Priyadarshan
HelsinkiUniversity RubberResearchInstituteofIndia
Helsinki,Finland RegionalStation
[email protected] Agartala,India
[email protected]
ISBN:978-0-387-71202-4 e-ISBN:978-0-387-71203-1
DOI10.1007/978-0-387-71203-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008937489
#SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009
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Preface
Treespeciesareindispensablysupportivetohumanlife.Duetotheirlonglife
cycle and environmental sensitivity, breeding trees to suit day-to-day human
needs is a formidable challenge. Whether they are edible as apple, cocoa,
mango, citrus, litchi, pear, dates, and coconut or industrially essential as
rubber or beverages like coffee and tea, improving yield under optimal,
suboptimal, and marginal areas calls for a unified effort from scientists
around the world. While the uniqueness of coconut as ‘kalpavriksha’
(Sanskrit-meaningtreeoflife)makesitspresenceinevery continentfromFar
East to South America, tree crops like cocoa, oil palm, rubber, apple, peach,
grapes, and walnut prove their environmental sensitivity toward tropical,
subtropical, and temperate climates. Desert climate is quintessential for date
palm.Thus,fromsoftdrinkstobreweriestobeveragestooiltotyres,thevalue
addition offers a spectrum of products to human kind, enriched with
nutritional,environmental,financial,social,andtrade-relatedattributes.
Taxonomically, tree crops never confine to few families, but spread over a
cross-section of genera, an attribute so unique that contributes immensely to
biodiversity even while cultivated on commercial scale. Many of these species
encourageother florato nurture intheirvicinity,thusensuringtheir integrity
toward preserving biodiversity. While wheat, rice, maize, barley, soybean,
cassava,andbananamakeupthemajorfoodstaples,manyfruit-yieldingtree
speciescontributetowardnutritionalenrichmentinhumanlife.Theediblepart
of these species is the source of several nutrients that make additives for the
daily human diet, for example, vitamins, sugars, aromas, and flavor
compounds, and raw material for food-processing industries. Tree crops face
an array of agronomic and horticultural problems in terms of propagation,
yield,appearance,quality,diseasesandpestcontrol,abioticstresses,andpoor
shelflife.
Shrinkageofcultivablelandandgrowingdemandhasenforcedthesecrops
to be grown under marginal conditions that call for concerted efforts from
breederstoimprovethesecropssubstantially.Concertedeffortshavenotbeen
incurred to bring out the compilation of research done on tree crops grown
underbothtraditionalandnontraditionalenvironments.Evenifavailable,they
v
vi Preface
arescatteredandalsolackcomprehensivetreatmentandwholesomeness.The
task of improving yield in tree crops is foremost in the acumen of global
agricultural research, and the advancements made in this arena are immense
bothatconventionalandmolecularmeans.Thistwo-volumeseriesonBreeding
PlantationTreeCropsdealingbothtropicalandtemperatespeciesseparatelyis
a sincere effort toward compiling the research available worldwide and bring
them to the reference of scientists, researchers, teachers, students, policy
makers, and even planters. It is worthwhile to note that in the forthcoming
years,treecropsaretobegivenmuchimportanceonparwithannualcropsdue
tocarbontradingandnutritionalupgradationofthedailydiet.
Since tropical species are more diverse, the first volume on tropical species
contains16chaptersonfruitsandnuts(banana,mango,guava,papaya,grape,
datepalm,litchi,avocado,andcashew),oilcrops(coconut,oilpalm,andolive),
industrial crops (rubber), and beverages (coffee, tea, and cocoa). The second
volume contains temperate fruit species including apple, apricot, almond,
citrus,pear,plum,raspberry,andwalnut.
The chapters were authored by crop-specific experts worldwide. We
appreciate the untiring efforts rendered by the authors in ensuring the
inclusion of latest advancements and their cooperation in revising their
manuscripts timely. A few reviewers spared their precious time in improving
thequalitymanuscripts.Weareimmenselythankfultothemfortheirvaluable
help.Finally,wethankSpringerforbringingoutthisseriestothereaders.
Helsinki,Finland S.MohanJain
Agartala,India P.M.Priyadarshan
Contents
Almond(Prunusdulcis)Breeding................................ 1
ThomasM.Gradziel
BreedingApple(Malus(cid:2)DomesticaBorkh)....................... 33
S.Pereira-Lorenzo,A.M.Ramos-Cabrer,andM.Fischer
ApricotBreeding ............................................ 83
Hanne´lHam
CitrusBreeding ............................................. 105
FredG.Gmitter,JayaR.Soneji,andMadhugiriNageswaraRao
PearBreeding .............................................. 135
ManfredFischer
PlumBreeding.............................................. 161
WalterHartmannandMichaelNeumu¨ller
RaspberryBreeding.......................................... 233
JulieGrahamandNikkiJennings
BreedingWalnuts(JuglansRegia)............................... 249
GaleMcGranahanandChuckLeslie
Index..................................................... 275
vii
Contributors
ManfredFischer
BAZQuedlinburg,Institutfu¨rObstzu¨chtungDresden-Pillnitz;IPK
Gatersleben,GenbankObstDresden-Pillnitz(formeraffiliation),So¨brigener,
Str.15,D-01326Dresden,Germany,[email protected]
FredG.Gmitter
InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,CitrusResearchandEducation
Center,UniversityofFlorida,700ExperimentStationRoad,LakeAlfredFL
33850,USA,[email protected]
ThomasM.Gradziel
DepartmentofPlantSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,
[email protected]
JulieGraham
ScottishCropResearchInstitute,Invergowrie,DundeeDD25DA,UK
Hanne´lHam
ARCInfruitec-Nietvoorbij,PrivateBagX5026,Stellenbosch7599,South
Africa
WalterHartmann
InstituteofSpecialCropCultivationandCropPhysiology,University
ofHohenheim,Emil-Wolff-Straße25,70599Stuttgart,Germany,
[email protected]
NikkiJennings
ScottishCropResearchInstitute,Invergowrie,DundeeDD25DA,UK
ChuckLeslie
DepartmentofPlantSciences,Mailstop2,OneShieldsAve.,University
ofCalifornia,Davis,CA95616,USA
ix
x Contributors
GaleMcgranahan
DepartmentofPlantSciences,Mailstop2,OneShieldsAve.,University
ofCalifornia,Davis,CA95616,USA,[email protected]
MichaelNeumu¨ller
TechnicalUniversityofMunich,CenterofLifeandFoodSciences
Weihenstephan,UnitofFruitScience,AlteAkademie16,85354Freising,
[email protected]
S.Pereira-Lorenzo
EscolaPolite´cnicaSuperior,DepartamentoProduccio´nVegetal,Universidad
deSantiagodeCompostela,CampusdeLugo,27002,
[email protected]
A.M.Ramos-Cabrer
EscolaPolite´cnicaSuperior,DepartamentoProduccio´nVegetal,Universidad
deSantiagodeCompostela,CampusdeLugo,27002
MadhugiriNageswaraRao
InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,CitrusResearchandEducation
Center,UniversityofFlorida,700ExperimentStationRoad,LakeAlfredFL
33850,USA
JayaR.Soneji
InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,CitrusResearchandEducation
Center,UniversityofFlorida,700ExperimentStationRoad,LakeAlfredFL
33850,USA
Almond (Prunus dulcis) Breeding
ThomasM.Gradziel
1 Introduction
Anadaptationtoharshclimatescombinedwithanabilitytodevelopadeepand
extensiverootsystemhasallowedcultivatedandwildalmondtoexploitawide
varietyofecologicalnichesinitsancestralrangeincentralAsiaextendingfrom
the Takla Makan desert in western China to the Mediterranean (Kester et al.
1991;Ladizinsky1999).Almondisalsowelladaptedtomildwinteranddry,hot
summerconditionsduetoitslowchillingrequirementforearlybloom,rapidearly
shoot growth, and high tolerance to summer heat and drought. It is the earliest
temperate tree crop to bloom, which limits production to areas relatively free
from spring frosts. Because almond is self-sterile, it requires cross-pollination
thatfurtheractstopromotegeneticvariabilityand,therefore,adaptabilitytonew
environments.
Commercialproductionisoftenlimitedbytheneedforcross-pollinationin
orchard systems, particularly in areas where spring storms can reduce both
floweringdurationandactivityofrequiredinsectpollinators.Ahighsuscept-
ibility to fungal and bacterial diseases of the blossoms, leaves, branches, and
fruits also reducesproduction inareas with rain and/or highhumidity during
thegrowingseason(KumarandUppal1990;OgawaandEnglish1991).Similarly,
excessive moisture in the root zone can result in tree losses due to root rots or
asphyxia.
1.1 Origin and History
Early researchers proposed that cultivated almond resulted from selection
fromwithinaspecieslistedoriginallyasAmygdaluscommunisL.(syn.Prunus
communis Archang.) based on studies of two natural populations originally
T.M.Gradziel
DepartmentofPlantSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
S.M.Jain,P.M.Priyadarshan(eds.),BreedingPlantationTreeCrops: 1
TemperateSpecies,DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-71203-1_1,
(cid:2)SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009