Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

2240 Pages·2014·553.18 MB·English

by  Douglas L. Mann

BRAUNWALD’S
HEART
DISEASE
A TEXTBOOK OF
CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE

TENTH EDITION
BRAUNWALD’S
HEART
DISEASE
A TEXTBOOK OF
CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
Edited by
Douglas L. Mann, Robert O. Bonow,
MD MD, MS
Lewin Chair and Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Max and Lilly Goldberg Distinguished Professor of
Physiology Cardiology
Chief, Division of Cardiology Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Director, Center for Cardiac Innovation
Cardiologist-in-Chief Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Barnes-Jewish Hospital Chicago, Illinois
St. Louis, Missouri
Douglas P. Zipes, Founding Editor and Online Editor
MD
Distinguished Professor Eugene Braunwald,
MD, MD(Hon),
Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Pharmacology, and
Toxicology ScD(Hon), FRCP
Director Emeritus, Division of Cardiology and the Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine
Krannert Institute of Cardiology Harvard Medical School
Indiana University School of Medicine Founding Chairman, TIMI Study Group
Indianapolis, Indiana Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Peter Libby,
MD
Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Chief, Cardiovascular Medicine Division
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste. 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
BRAUNWALD’S HEART DISEASE: A TEXTBOOK Single-volume ISBN: 978-1-4557-5134-1
OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE, TENTH EDITION Two-volume ISBN: 978-1-4557-5133-4
Volume 1 PN: 9996096335
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008, 2005, 200 1, 1997, 1992, 1988, 1984, 1980 Volume 2 PN: 9996096394
b y Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. International edition ISBN: 978-0-323-29429-4
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
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With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
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To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Braunwald’s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine / edited by Douglas L. Mann,
Douglas P. Zipes, Peter Libby, Robert O. Bonow, Eugene Braunwald.—10th edition.
p. ; cm.
Heart disease
Preceded by Braunwald’s heart disease / edited by Robert O. Bonow … [et al.] ; founding editor and
online editor Eugene Braunwald. c2012.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4557-5134-1 (single-volume : hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4557-5133-4 (two-volume
set : hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 9996096335 (volume 1 : hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 9996096394
(volume 2 : hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-323-29429-4 (international edition : hardcover : alk.
paper)
I. Mann, Douglas L., editor. II. Zipes, Douglas P., editor. III. Libby, Peter, editor. IV. Bonow,
Robert O., editor. V. Braunwald, Eugene, 1929- , editor. VI. Title: Heart disease.
[DNLM: 1. Heart Diseases. 2. Cardiovascular Diseases. WG 210]
616.1′2–dc23
2014025014
Executive Content Strategist: Dolores Meloni
Senior Content Development Specialist: Anne Snyder
Publishing Services Manager: Anne Altepeter
Project Manager: Louise King
Designer: Steven Stave
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To
Laura, Erica, Jonathan, and Stephanie
Joan, Debra, Jeffrey, and David
Beryl, Oliver, and Brigitte
Pat, Rob, and Sam
Acknowledgments
Completing a textbook the size and complexity of Braunwald’s Heart The editors are also grateful to our colleagues from all over the
Disease clearly does not occur in a vacuum. The tenth edition owes world who have offered insightful suggestions to improve Heart
a great deal to a great many individuals. First and foremost, we would Disease. We particularly wish to acknowledge the following individ-
like to thank Dr. Eugene Braunwald for continuing to provide sage uals who have provided important feedback on numerous chapters:
counsel at all stages of planning, writing, and editing of this book. Shabnam Madadi, MD, Cardiac Imaging Center, Shahid Rajaei Heart
We also want to thank the incredibly supportive staff at Elsevier, who Center, Tehran, Iran; Azin Alizadeh Asl, MD, and Anita Sadeghpour,
enabled the editors to make improvements to the content and visual MD, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Madani Heart Hospi-
design of the book as it was being compiled. In this regard, we would tal, Tabriz, Iran; Leili Pourafkari, MD, Razi Hospital, Tabriz, Iran;
like to recognize several Elsevier staff members for their forbearance Banasiak Waldemar, MD, Centre for Heart Disease, Military Hospi-
and indefatigable assistance: Dolores Meloni, executive content strat- tal, Wroclaw, Poland; Carlos Benjamín Alvarez, MD, PhD, Sacré
egist, for her boundless energy and enthusiasm for this book; Anne Coeur Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Elias B. Hanna, MD,
Snyder, senior content development specialist, for everything all of Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans,
the time; and Louise King, project manager, whose attention to detail Louisiana.
and flexibility were measureless.
vi
Contributors
Keith D. Aaronson, MD, MS Joshua A. Beckman, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School;
Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s
Michigan Hospital; Associate Medical Director, VasCore, Massachusetts
Mechanical Circulatory Support General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart
William T. Abraham, MD Disease
Professor of Internal Medicine, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Chair
of Excellence in Cardiovascular Medicine, Director, Division of Donald M. Bers, PhD
Cardiovascular Medicine, Deputy Director, The Davis Heart and Distinguished Professor and Chair, Pharmacology, University of
Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, California Davis, Davis, California
Ohio Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation
Devices for Monitoring and Managing Heart Failure
Michael A. Bettman, MD
Michael A. Acker, MD Professor Emeritus of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of
Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Director, Penn Medicine Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Heart and Vascular Center, University of Pennsylvania Health The Chest Radiograph in Cardiovascular Disease
System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Surgical Management of Heart Failure Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH
Senior Investigator, TIMI Study Group, Executive Director,
Michael J. Ackerman, MD, PhD Interventional Cardiovascular Programs, Heart and Vascular
Windland Smith Rice Cardiovascular Genomics Research Professor, Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Professor of Medicine,
Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Director, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Long QT Syndrome/Genetic Heart Rhythm Clinic, Director, Mayo Coronary Arteriography and Intracoronary Imaging;
Clinic Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Treatment of
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Noncoronary Obstructive Vascular Disease
Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias
William E. Boden, MD
Elliott M. Antman, MD Chief of Medicine, Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center;
Professor of Medicine, Associate Dean for Clinical/Translational Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center;
Research, Harvard Medical School; Senior Investigator, TIMI Professor of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany,
Study Group, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, New York
Massachusetts Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Critical Evaluation of Clinical Trials
Robert O. Bonow, MD, MS
Larry M. Baddour, MD Max and Lilly Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Cardiology, Vice
Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Chairman, Department of Medicine, Director, Center for Cardiac
Cardiovascular Infections Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Aaron Baggish, MD Appropriate Use Criteria: Echocardiography; Nuclear
Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Cardiology; Cardiac Catheterization; Appropriate Use
Hospital; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical Criteria: Multimodality Imaging in Stable Ischemic Heart
School, Boston, Massachusetts Disease and Heart Failure; Care of Patients with End-Stage
Exercise and Sports Cardiology Heart Disease; Valvular Heart Disease; Guidelines: Infective
Endocarditis
C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD
Women’s Guild Endowed Chair in Women’s Health, Director, Barbra Eugene Braunwald, MD, MD(Hon), ScD(Hon), FRCP
Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Director, Preventive Cardiac Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical
Center; Director, Linda Joy Pollin Women’s Healthy Heart School; Founding Chairman, TIMI Study Group, Brigham and
Program; Professor of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Angeles, California Non–ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Alan C. Braverman, MD
Gary J. Balady, MD Alumni Endowed Professor in Cardiovascular Diseases, Department
Director, Non Invasive Cardiovascular Laboratories, Boston Medical of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St.
Center; Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Diseases of the Aorta
Exercise Testing
vii
viii
J. Douglas Bremner, MD Stephen Devries, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Radiology, Director, Emory Clinical Executive Director, Gaples Institute for Integrative Cardiology,
Neuroscience Research Unit, Emory University School of Deerfield, Illinois; Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of
s
r Medicine; Director, Mental Health Research, Atlanta Veterans Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
o
t Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia Integrative Approaches to the Management of Patients with
u
b Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Heart Disease
ri
t
n Julie E. Buring, MD Neal W. Dickert, MD, PhD
o
C Professor of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Professor of Assistant Professor. Department of Medicine, Division of
Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard School of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology,
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta,
Risk Markers and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Georgia
Disease Ethics in Cardiovascular Medicine
Hugh G. Calkins, MD Vasken Dilsizian, MD
Professor of Medicine, Director, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Professor of Medicine and Radiology, University of Maryland
Director, Johns Hopkins Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Nuclear Medicine,
Dysplasia Program, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
Maryland Nuclear Cardiology; Appropriate Use Criteria: Multimodality
Hypotension and Syncope Imaging in Ischemic Heart Disease and Heart Failure
Christopher P. Cannon, MD Dirk J. Duncker, MD, PhD
Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Professor of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology,
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Executive Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Director, Cardiometabolic Trials, Harvard Clinical Research Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia
Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
Approach to the Patient with Chest Pain; Non–ST Elevation Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD
Acute Coronary Syndromes Vice Provost for Global Initiatives, Diane V.S. Levy and Robert M.
Levy University Professor, Chairperson, Department of Medical
John M. Canty, Jr., MD Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania,
Albert and Elizabeth Rekate Professor of Medicine, Division of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Cardiovascular Medicine, Western New York Veterans Affairs Ethics in Cardiovascular Medicine
Healthcare System, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia Rodney H. Falk, MD
Director, Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Brigham and Women’s
John D. Carroll, MD Hospital; Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard
Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Colorado; Director of Interventional Cardiology and Co-Medical The Dilated, Restrictive, and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies
Director, Cardiac and Vascular Center, University of Colorado
Hospital, Aurora, Colorado James C. Fang, MD
Transcatheter Therapies for Structural Heart Disease in Adults Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Executive Director, Cardiovascular Service Line, University of
Augustin Castellanos, MD Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School The History and Physical Examination: An Evidence-Based
of Medicine, Miami, Florida Approach
Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death
G. Michael Felker, MD, MHS
Ming Hui Chen, MD, MSc Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke
Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
Director, Cardiovascular Health for Cancer Survivors; Assistant Diagnosis and Management of Acute Heart Failure
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts Stacy D. Fisher, MD
Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapeutic Agents Director of Women’s and Complex Heart Diseases, Medicine,
Cardiology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University of Maryland
Leslie T. Cooper, Jr., MD Comprehensive Heart Center, Baltimore, Maryland
Director, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals
Myocarditis
Lee A. Fleisher, MD
Mark A. Creager, MD Robert D. Dripps Professor and Chair, Anesthesiology and Critical
Director, Vascular Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Simon C. Care, Professor of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the
Fireman Scholar in Cardiovascular Medicine, Professor of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart
Peripheral Artery Diseases Disease
Charles J. Davidson, MD Thomas Force, MD
Chief, Clinical Cardiology, Medical Director, Bluhm Cardiovascular Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Institute, Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapeutic Agents
Illinois
Cardiac Catheterization
ix
William K. Freeman, MD Sarah J. Goodlin, MD
Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Chief, Geriatrics, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center; 
Rochester, Minnesota Associate Professor, Oregon Health and Science University,
C
Cardiovascular Infections Portland, Oregon o
n
Care of Patients with End-Stage Heart Disease t
J. Michael Gaziano, MD, MPH r
ib
Chief, Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Scientific William J. Groh, MD, MPH u
t
Director, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Associate Professor of Medicine, Indiana University School of o
r
Information Center, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana s
System; Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Neurologic Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Massachusetts
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Martha Gulati, MD, MS
Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Associate
Thomas A. Gaziano, MD, MSc Professor of Clinical Public Health, Division of Epidemiology,
Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School; Cardiovascular Sarah Ross Soter Chair, Women’s Cardiovascular Health, Section
Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Director, Preventive Cardiology and Women’s Cardiovascular
Massachusetts Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center,
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Columbus, Ohio
Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Jacques Genest, MD
Professor of Medicine, Cardiology, McGill University; Scientific Roger J. Hajjar, MD
Director, Centre for Innovative Medicine, McGill University Health Director, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of
Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Regeneration and Gene Therapy
Robert E. Gerszten, MD Joshua M. Hare, MD
Director of Clinical and Translational Research, Massachusetts Louis Lemberg Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division,
General Hospital Institute for Heart, Vascular, and Stroke Care; Director, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Associate Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
Member, Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Cardiovascular Regeneration and Gene Therapy
Biomarkers, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Personalized
Medicine Gerd Hasenfuss, MD
Professor of Medicine, Chair, Department of Cardiology and
Linda Gillam, MD, MPH Pneumology, Chair, Heart Center, University of Goettingen;
Chairperson, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Morristown Chair, Heart Research Center, DZHK (German Center of
Medical Center, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey Cardiovascular Research), Goettingen, Germany
Echocardiography Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Geoffrey S. Ginsburg, MD, PhD Ray E. Hershberger, MD
Executive Director, Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine, Professor of Medicine, Director, Division of Human Genetics,
Duke University Health Systems; Director, Genomic Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Heart Failure
Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Professor of Medicine, and Cardiac Transplantation, The Ohio State University Wexner
Pathology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University School Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina The Dilated, Restrictive, and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies
Personalized and Precision Cardiovascular Medicine
L. David Hillis, MD
Robert P. Giugliano, MD, SM Professor and Chair, Internal Medicine, The University of Texas
Physician, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
Women’s Hospital; Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Chemical Cardiomyopathies
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Non–ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes William E. Hopkins, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, The University of Vermont;
Ary L. Goldberger, MD Attending Cardiologist, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington,
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Margret Vermont
and H.A. Rey Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics in Medicine; Pericardial Diseases
Associate Chief, Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Marc Humbert, MD, PhD
Electrocardiography Professor of Respiratory Medicine, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital
Bicêtre; Assistance, Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université
Samuel Z. Goldhaber, MD Paris-Sud, Paris, France
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Pulmonary Hypertension
Thrombosis Research Group; Senior Staff Physician,
Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s James L. Januzzi, Jr., MD
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Roman W.
Pulmonary Embolism De Sanctis Endowed Distinguished Clinical Scholar, Division of
Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Larry B. Goldstein, MD Massachusetts
Professor of Neurology and Director, Duke Stroke Center, Duke Clinical Assessment of Heart Failure
University; Staff Neurologist, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina
Prevention and Management of Ischemic Stroke