Brain Tumors - An Encyclopedic Appr.

928 Pages·2012·135.78 MB·English

by  A. Kaye

BRAIN
TUMORS
An Encyclopedic Approach
THIRD EDITION
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BRAIN
TUMORS
An Encyclopedic Approach
THIRD EDITION
Andrew H. Kaye
MB BS, MD, FRACS
Head of Department and
James Stewart Professor of Surgery,
Department of Surgery,
The University of Melbourne;
Director, Department of Neurosurgery,
The Royal Melbourne Hospital,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Edward R. Laws Jr
MD, FACS
Professor of Surgery,
Harvard Medical School;
Director, Pituitary and Neuroendocrine Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto
An imprint of Elsevier Limited.
© 2012, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
First edition 1995
Second edition 2001
The right of Andrew H. Kaye and Edward R. Laws Jr to be identified as co-authors of this work
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely
on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods,
compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they
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the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of
practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make
diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to
take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Brain tumors : an encyclopedic approach. – 3rd ed.
1. Brain–Tumors.
I. Kaye, Andrew H. II. Laws, Edward R.
616.9′9481 – dc22
ISBN-13: 9780443069673
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Printed in China
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FOREWORD
When I began specializing in neuro-oncology, Brain Tumors: cellular origins of brain tumors, as well as an understanding
An Encyclopedic Approach was the textbook I turned to for of the aberrant biologic pathways and the rational use of
a comprehensive overview of the field. Edited by the preemi- targeted therapies. It is critical to understand the develop-
nent neurosurgeons Edward Laws and Andrew Kaye, the ment of these treatment strategies as we advance towards
third edition is updated to highlight the changes in diagnosis personalized medicine.
and management that are rapidly occurring as a result of Over fifteen years since the original publication of the
advances in our understanding of tumor biology and etiol- first edition, Brain Tumors: An Encyclopedic Approach is an
ogy. During my career, I have been fortunate enough to outstanding, comprehensive reference guide for the diagno-
collaborate with Dr. Laws, who has been on the front lines sis and management of brain tumors. It is an invaluable
of brain tumor treatment and research since the 1970s – he resource for all medical professionals who treat patients
is not only a brilliant physician, but also a generous educator with this disease, especially for residents and fellows who
and esteemed scholar. are contemplating careers in neuro-oncology.
As with the previous editions, the third edition contains
excellent illustrations and clear, coherent descriptions of all SUSAN M. CHANG MD
central nervous system tumors, including those that are very Director, Division of Neuro-Oncology
rare. However, the most important aspect of the third edition Department of Neurological Surgery
is the attention given to the explosion of research into the University of California, San Francisco
vii
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
The management of brain tumors is the single most impor- brain tumors, including their intricate biology, the molecular
tant role of the present day neurosurgeon. The chilling diag- events that are at the basis of their development, and the
nosis of a brain tumor quite reasonably strikes fear into equipment necessary for effective treatment. We now know
patients, their friends, and relatives. The consequences of that the ideal management involves a wide range of skills
the diagnosis include the implication of an erosion of the and techniques, utilizing all the best technical and human
faculties of the mind combined with physical disablility and resources of a hospital and community.
death. The appropriate diagnosis and management requires In the past the mystique of brain tumors has, at times,
the very best skills a neurosurgeon has learned, a culmina- inadvertently restricted the full understanding of these
tion of all the knowledge that has been gleaned from his or tumors. This book aims to provide a complete coverage of
her first days in medical school to the most recent clinical brain tumors, including their biological basis, diagnosis and
experience practising the art of neurosurgery, along with the management techniques. Aiming to be the ultimate refer-
insight that has been obtained into human nature and frailty. ence on all the technical facets of brain tumor management,
Treatment involves the very best of both technical skills and this book describes the present concepts of the treatment
human interaction. Throughout the often protracted man- and the management of all brain tumors, although we realise
agement of a patient with a brain tumor the surgeon must that social values vary from region to region and in many
constantly strive to utilize the very latest in scientific advance- countries facilities are less than optimal. In general, refer-
ment, whilst maintaining a sympathetic and guiding influ- ences have been chosen for their general coverage of the
ence on the patient and the family. The treatment of brain topics, ease of access, historical interest, and, in some cases,
tumors has expanded rapidly over the past decades. It was because they will provide thought-provoking alternatives to
the discovery of the cell by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838 give a different perspective to the subject. It is not possible
and 1839 and the description of neuroglia by Virchow in to list and acknowledge all the many people who have helped
1846 that formed the basis for the neuropathology of brain in the preparation of this volume both knowingly and as the
tumors. The concept of cerebral localization of neurological result of their influences on our own neurosurgical practices.
function developed through the nineteenth century and the We particularly acknowledge our many colleagues, both past
first scientifically performed brain tumor operation took and present, who by their influence and example have made
place on 25 November 1884 by Rickman Godlee in London. this type of book possible. This work would not have come
That patient died from the glioma twenty five days after to fruition without the guidance and stimulation initially
surgery. The subsequent pioneers in brain tumor surgery, from Peter Richardson and then from his colleagues, Michael
including Cushing, Dandy, Keen, MacEwen, and Horsley Parkinson, Dilys Jones, and Janice Urquhart at Churchill
demonstrated not only the possibilities of brain tumor Livingstone. We are especially grateful for the encourage-
surgery, but also at times, the seemingly insurmountable ment and patience of our wives, Judy and Peggy.
difficulties that had to be overcome for the patient to be
treated effectively and safely. The last two decades have, in ANDREW H. KAYE
particular, provided the technological advancement neces- EDWARD R. LAWS JR
sary for the understanding of the many varied facets of 1995
viii
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
It is a real pleasure to see this comprehensive, encyclopedic techniques and outcomes for our patients. Novel insights into
treatise on the ever-fascinating subject of Brain Tumors molecular neuropathology, the role of cancer stem cells,
reach its Third Edition. The recognition of the problems changes in tumor classification, new models of brain tumors,
posed by the diagnosis, treatment and pathogenesis of brain and avenues for future progress are included. The goal of
tumors has steadily increased among scientists, physicians making each chapter authoritative, comprehensive and
and surgeons, and the public in general. As health care interesting to a variety of readers has been achieved, and
access and expertise increase, and with the mixed blessing hopefully will be widely appreciated.
of information from the internet, more and more brain As always, we are indebted to the hard work of all the
tumors are being diagnosed, and their treatment has steadily contributors, and of the editorial and production staff at
improved, particularly regarding the quality of life of our Elsevier who have seen this impressive volume through to
patients. final publication. We are continually grateful to our col-
This edition continues to be divided into segments on leagues, trainees, patients, and to our wives, families and
Basic Principles and Individual Tumor Types. Each chapter others who have supported this endeavor.
has been assiduously updated, key points have been empha-
sized and pertinent references have been highlighted. Many ANDREW H. KAYE
new chapters have been included, along with many new EDWARD R. LAWS JR.
authors, all reflecting the continuous change in concepts,
ix
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ossama Al-Mefty, MD, FACS Susan M. Chang, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Director, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Neurological Surgery, University of California,
31  Meningiomas San Francisco, CA, USA
33  Meningeal Sarcomas 6  Biologic Therapy for Malignant Glioma
Ashok R. Asthagiri, MD Nikki Charles, PHD
Staff Neurosurgeon, National Institutes of Health, Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics and the Brain
Bethesda, MD, USA Tumor Center; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,
30  Brain Tumors Associated with Neurofibromatosis New York, NY, USA
17  Mouse Models for Brain Tumor Therapy
Samer Ayoubi, MD
Consultant Neurosurgeon, Damascus, Syria Thomas C. Chen, MD, PHD
31  Meningiomas Director, Neuro-Oncology Program;
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Pathology,
Mitchel S. Berger, MD University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery;
26  Uncommon Glial Tumors
Director of the Brain Tumor Research Center, UCSF,
San Francisco, CA, USA
Antonio Chiocca, MD, PHD
20  Low-Grade Astrocytomas
Professor and Chairman, Dardinger Center for
Rajesh K. Bindal, MD Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences,
and Department of Neurological Surgery, James Cancer
Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery,
Hospital/Solove Research Institute,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
The Ohio State University Medical Center,
45  Metastatic brain tumors
Columbus, OH, USA
21  Glioblastoma and Malignant Astrocytoma
Robert J. S. Briggs, MBBS, FRACS
Clinical Associate Professor, Christopher P. Cifarelli, MD, PHD
Department of Otolaryngology,
Department of Neurosurgery,
The University of Melbourne,
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Little Rock, AR, USA
28  Acoustic Neurinoma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
16  Clinical Trials and Chemotherapy
Jeffrey N. Bruce, MD
David A. Clump, MD, PHD
Edgar M. Housepian Professor of Neurological Surgery;
University of Pittsburgh, and the Center for
Vice-Chairman of Neurosurgery,
Image-Guided Neurosurgery,
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons;
UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Attending Neurosurgeon,
15  Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy for Brain Tumors
Neurological Institute of New York,
New York Presbyterian Medical Center,
Charles S. Cobbs, MD
New York, NY, USA
34  Pineal Cell and Germ Cell Tumors Attending Neurosurgeon, California Pacific Medical Center,
San Francisco, CA, USA
Jan C. Buckner, MD 32  Meningeal Hemangiopericytomas
Professor of Oncology,
Mayo Clinic, E. Sander Connolly JR, MD, FACS
Rochester, MN, USA Professor of Neurological Surgery;
40  Esthesioneuroblastoma: Management and Outcome Vice Chairman of Neurosurgery;
Director, Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory,
Ronil V. Chandra, MBBS (HON), FRANZCR Surgical Director, Neuro-Intensive Care Unit,
Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center,
Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital,
New York, NY, USA
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
34  Pineal Cell and Germ Cell Tumors
10  Advanced Imaging of Brain Tumors
x
List of contributors
Shlomi Constantini, MD, MSC Rudolf Fahlbusch, MD, PHD
Director, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery; Director, Endocrine Neurosurgery,
Director, The Gilbert Neurofibromatosis Center, International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany
Dana Children’s Hospital, 35  Non-functional Pituitary Tumors
Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv, Israel John C. Flickinger, MD, FACR
18  Management of Brain Tumors in the Pediatric Patient
Departments of Neurological Surgery and Radiation Oncology,
University of Pittsburgh, and the Center for Image-Guided
Douglas J. Cook, MD, PHD Neurosurgery, UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, 15  Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy for Brain Tumors
Faculty of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Jeremy L. Fogelson, MD
7  Gene Therapy for Human Brain Tumors
Department of Neurosurgery,
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Helen V. Danesh-Meyer, MBChB, MD, FRANZCO
40  Esthesioneuroblastoma: Management and Outcome
Sir William and Lady Stevenson Professor of Ophthalmology,
NZ National Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Robert L. Foote, MD
University of Auckland, New Zealand
Professor of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic,
11  Neuro-ophthalmology of Brain Tumors
Rochester, MN, USA
40  Esthesioneuroblastoma: Management and Outcome
R. Andrew Danks, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Venelin M. Gerganov, MD, PHD
VIC, Australia
Associate Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery,
39  Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinuses
International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany
35  Non-Functional Pituitary Tumors
Ryan DeMarchi, BSC, MD
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Caterina Giannini, MD, PHD
University of Toronto,
Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic,
University Hospital Network Toronto Western Hospital,
Rochester, MN, USA
Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto, ON, Canada
40  Esthesioneuroblastoma: Management and Outcome
27  Medulloblastoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
Graham G. Giles, BSC, MSC, PHD
Katharine J. Drummond, MD, FRACS
Professor, School of Population Health, University of
Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne;
Melbourne; Director, Cancer Epidemiology Centre,
Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital,
Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
4  Epidemiology of Brain Tumors
14  Surgical Principles in the Management of Brain Tumors
22  Oligodendroglioma
Michael Gonzales, MBBS, FRCPA
Ian F. Dunn, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pathology;
University of Melbourne; Senior Pathologist,
Attending Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery,
Department of Anatomical Pathology,
Brigham & Women’s Hospital,
The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
3  Classification and Pathogenesis of Brain Tumors
31  Meningiomas
33  Meningeal Sarcomas
Ignacio Gonzalez-Gomez, MD
James B. Elder, MD Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL, USA
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurological Surgery,
26  Uncommon Glial Tumors
The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
26  Uncommon Glial Tumors
Abhijit Guha, MSC, MD, FRCS(C), FACS
Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD, FACS Professor, Surgery (Neurosurgery), Western Hospital,
University of Toronto, Co- Dir. & Sr. Scientist: Arthur & Sonia
Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery,
Labatt Brain Tumor Center, Hospital for Sick Children,
Theodore S. Roberts Endowed Chair, University of
University of Toronto, Alan & Susan Hudson Chair in
Washington, School of Medicine Seattle, Washington,
Neurooncology, Toronto, ON, Canada
Seattle, WA, USA
5  Neurogenetics and the Molecular Biology of Human Brain Tumors
25  Choroid Plexus Tumors
Barton L. Guthrie, MD
Michael Ellis, MD
Professor of Neurosurgery,
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB),
The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto,
Birmingham, AL, USA
Toronto, ON, Canada
32  Meningeal Hemangiopericytomas
27  Medulloblastoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
xi
List of contributors
Georges F. Haddad, MD, FRCS(C) Andrew H. Kaye, MB BS, MD, FRACS
Clinical Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Department of Head of Department and James Stewart Professor of Surgery,
Surgery, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne;
33  Meningeal Sarcomas Director, Department of Neurosurgery,
The Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia
Griffith R. Harsh IV, MD, MA, MBA 1  Historical Perspective
28  Acoustic Neurinoma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
Professor and Vice-Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery,
39  Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinuses
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
42  Craniopharyngioma
19  Management of Recurrent Gliomas and Menigiomas
43  Dermoid, Epidermoid and Neurenteric Cysts
37  Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Skull Base
44  Colloid Cysts
Cynthia Hawkins, MD
James A. J. King, MB BS, PHD, FRACS
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
Neurosurgeon, The Royal Melbourne Hospital;
The Hospital for Sick Children,
Neurosurgeon, The Royal Children’s Hospital;
The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Senior Lecturer, Department of Surgery, The University of
27  Medulloblastoma and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
10  Advanced Imaging of Brain Tumors
Eric C. Holland, MD, PHD
24  Intracranial Ependymomas
Attending Surgeon,
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Douglas Kondziolka, MD, MSC, FRCSC, FACS
New York, NY, USA
Peter J. Jannetta Professor and Vice-Chairman of Neurological
17  Mouse Models for Brain Tumor Therapy
Surgery; Professor of Radiation Oncology;
Director, Center for Brain Function and Behavior;
Lewis Hou, MD
Co-Director, Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery,
Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
19  Management of Recurrent Gliomas and Meningiomas 15  Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy for Brain Tumors
Kathryn Howe, MD, PHD Abhaya V. Kulkarni, MD, PHD, FRCS(C)
Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Network, Toronto 24  Intracranial Ependymomas
Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
7  Gene Therapy for Human Brain Tumors John Laidlaw, MBBS, FRACS
Deputy Director, Department of Neurosurgery;
Samar Issa, FRACP, FRCPA
Director Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery
Consultant Haematologist, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Clinical Head, Lymphoma Service, 44  Colloid Cysts
Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
41  Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Frederick F. Lang, MD
Professor and Director of Clinical Research,
John A. Jane, JR, MD Department of Neurosurgery,
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center,
Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA
University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA 45  Metastatic Brain Tumors
36  Diagnostic Considerations and Surgical Results for
Hyperfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas Andrew B. Lassman, MD
Director, Fellowship Program in Neuro-oncology,
Rashid M. Janjua, MD
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center;
Fellow Skull Base/Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Assistant Attending Neurologist, Memorial Hospital for Cancer
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA & Allied Diseases, New York, NY, USA
38  Glomus Jugulare Tumors 17  Mouse Models for Brain Tumor Therapy
Derek R. Johnson, MD Edward R. Laws JR, MD, FACS
Neuro-oncologist, Department of Neurology, Professor of Surgery,
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Harvard Medical School;
6  Biologic Therapy for Malignant Glioma Director, Pituitary and Neuroendocrine Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Bhadrakant Kavar, MBChB, FCS, FRACS Boston, MA, USA
1  Historical Perspective
Neurosurgeon, The Royal Melbourne Hospital,
36  Diagnostic Considerations and Surgical Results for
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Hyperfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas
43  Dermoid, Epidermoid and Neurenteric Cysts
xii