Table Of ContentBrain Organization and Memory
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Brain
Organization
and Memory:
Cells, Systems, and Circuits
Edited by
JAMES L. McGAUGH
NORMAN M. WEINBERGER
GARY LYNCH
New York
Oxford
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Oxford University Press
Oxford
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Copyright © 1990 by Oxford University Press
First published in 1990 by Oxford University Press, Inc.,
200 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1992
Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without prior permission of Oxford University Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brain organization and memory : cells, systems, and circuits /
edited by James L. McGaugh, Norman M. Weinberger, Gary Lynch.
p. cm.
Based on the Third Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
organized by the Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory of
the University of California, Irvine, held at Irvine on Oct. 14-17, 1987.
Includes bibliographies and index.
ISBN 0-19-505496-2 ISBN 0-19-507712-1 (Pbk.)
1. Memory —Congresses. 2. Cerebral cortex Physiology—Congresses.
3. Neural circuitry—Congresses. L McGaugh, James L.
II. Weinberger, Norman M.
III. Lynch, Gary.
IV. University of California, Irvine. Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.
[DNLM:
L Cerebral Cortex physiology -congresses. 2. Memory—physiology-congresses.
3. Models, Neurological—congresses. 4. Nervous System- physiology—congresses.
WL 102 B8132 1987] QP406.B735
1989 153.T2 dc19
DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress
88-38920
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Printed in the United States of America
Preface
This volume is the third in a series. Like its predecessors, Neurobiology of Learn-
ing and Memory and Memory Systems of the Brain, this book is the outgrowth
of a conference that was organized by the Center for the Neurobiology of Learn-
ing and Memory of the University of California, Irvine. The Third Conference
was held at Irvine on October 14-17, 1987. One might ask, as we did, whether
a book summarizing work on how the brain encodes and uses memory is needed
every two to three years. An examination of the tables of contents of the three
books clearly answers this question. Some of the central theoretical and meth-
odological issues addressed in this book are not so much as noted in the indexes
of the previous volumes. This attests to the active and expanding interest in
research on brain, learning, and memory.
This book focuses on three related topics: forms of memory, regulation of cor-
tical function in memory, and representations. Some of the themes developed
in the first two volumes are given further emphasis in this book. Prominent
among these are the efforts to relate learning and memory as they are studied in
animals to those processes observed in humans. Despite steady experimental
and conceptual progress, development of an adequate taxonomy of memory
continues to hamper efforts to achieve unification of memory theory. This
annoying fact should temper our hopes for a rapid and complete integration of
the subtle and surprising phenomena of memory with those of brain cells, sys-
tems, and circuits. Nonetheless, it is clear that the rate of progress in understand-
ing the cellular processes underlying memory continues to accelerate. We are
beginning to see the emergence of a consensus regarding the physiological and
chemical events that translate activity patterns into long-term changes in the
strength of connections between brain cells. We are also now seeing behavioral
studies of memory using predictions derived from understanding of synaptic
plasticity. One can only be impressed at how quickly the world of ions and
receptors is being translated into the realm of memory systems and mazes.
Special emphasis is given in this volume to computational and modeling
approaches to the study of brain and memory. The development of network
vi
Preface
models and computer simulations of memory permeates current research. This
effort is explicitly recognized in the final section of the book, but the use of net-
work models is seen throughout the book. Experimentalists working on cortex
and hippocampus are attempting to link cells to systems with interesting and
powerful models. However, the gap between formal mathematically tractable
models and the stuff of brains remains clear and provides a continuing challenge
for experimentalists and theorists alike.
In all, the leitmotif of this book, like that of its predecessors, is excitement.
Excitement about what we have learned as well as what we can now ask. We
hope that readers of Brain Organization and Memory: Cells, Systems, and Cir-
cuits will share our excitement as well as our eagerness to follow this intellectual
drama in volumes yet to come.
Irvine, Calif.
J. L. McG.
October 1988
N. M. W.
G. L.
Acknowledgments
The conference on which this book is based was planned and organized by the
members of the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory at the
University of California, Irvine. The selection of topics and authors grew out of
extensive discussions with our colleagues John Ashe, Michel Baudry, Richard
Granger, Mary-Louise Kean, Mark Rosenzweig, Gordon Shaw, Larry Squire,
and Larry Stein. Funding for the conference was provided by a number of orga-
nizations: the UCI Office of Research and Graduate Studies, the Office of Naval
Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the National Science Foun-
dation, the Sloan Foundation, the Irvine Company, Searle Research and Devel-
opment, Beckman Instruments, and Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals. We
thank Lynn Brown, Nan Collett, and Lori LaSalle for their skilled coordination
of all aspects of the conference. Special thanks are also due to Lynn Brown for
editorial assistance.
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Contents
1. Neurobiology of Memory: The Significance of Anomalous
Findings
3
JAN BURES
I Forms of Memory
Introduction
23
MICHELA GALLAGHER
2. The Development of Learning and Memory in Aplysia
27
THOMAS J. CAREW
EMILIE A. MARCUS
THOMAS G. NOLEN
CATHARINE H. RANKIN
MARK STOPFER
3. Synaptic Plasticity, Neural Architecture, and Forms of Memory
52
RICHARD G. M. MORRIS
4. Forms of Memory in Pavlovian Conditioning
78
PETER C. HOLLAND
5. Functional Forms of Human Memory
106
MARCIA K. JOHNSON
COMMENTARIES AND ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES
6. Neuromnemonics: Forms and Contents
137
NORMAN M. WEINBERGER
7. Time and Memory
145
ROBERT W. DOTY
8. Forms of Memory: Issues and Directions
159
ARTHUR P. SHIMAMURA
