Brain Imaging with MRI and CT: An Image Pattern Approach

434 Pages·2012·48.345 MB·English

by  Zoran Rumboldt et al. (eds.)

BRAIN IMAGING
MRI CT
WITH AND
An Image Pattern Approach

B R A I N I M A G I N G
M R I C T
WITH AND
An Image Pattern Approach
Edited by
Zoran Rumboldt
ProfessorofRadiology,NeuroradiologySectionChiefand
FellowshipProgramDirector,DepartmentofRadiology
andRadiologicalScience,MedicalUniversityof
SouthCarolina,Charleston,SouthCarolina,USA
Mauricio Castillo
ProfessorofRadiologyandSectionChiefof
Neuroradiology,UniversityofNorthCarolinaSchoolof
Medicine,ChapelHill,NorthCarolina,USA
Benjamin Huang
ClinicalAssistantProfessorofRadiologyinthe
DivisionofNeuroradiology,Universityof
NorthCarolinaSchoolofMedicine,ChapelHill,
NorthCarolina,USA
Andrea Rossi
HeadoftheDepartmentofNeuroradiology,
G.GasliniChildren’sResearchHospital,Genoa,Italy
cambridge university press
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©CambridgeUniversityPress2012
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Firstpublished2012
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbytheMPGBooksGroup
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
BrainimagingwithMRIandCT:animagepatternapproach/editedbyZoranRumboldt...[etal.].
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-521-11944-3(Hardback)
I.Rumboldt,Zoran.
[DNLM:1. Neuroimaging–methods. 2. Diagnosis,Differential. 3. MagneticResonanceImaging–methods.
4. Tomography,X-RayComputed–methods.WL141]
616.80047548–dc23 2012000482
ISBN978-0-521-11944-3Hardback
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whichisinaccordwithacceptedstandardsandpracticeatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcase
historiesaredrawnfromactualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesoftheindividuals
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CONTENTS
List of contributors xi 21 LimbicEncephalitis 42
List of abbreviations xii Mauricio Castillo
Preface xv 22 CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant
Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarctsand
Leukoencephalopathy) 44
Section 1 Bilateral Predominantly
Zoran Rumboldt
Symmetric Abnormalities 23 Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathywith
Subcortical Cysts 46
Mariasavina Severino
Cases
24 CanavanDisease 48
1 HepaticEncephalopathy 2
AndreaRossiand Chen Hoffman
MariaVittoria Spampinato
25 HIV Encephalopathy 50
2 Neurofibromatosis Type 1– UBOs 4
Zoran RumboldtandMauricio Castillo
AndreaRossi
26 Radiation- and Chemotherapy-Induced
3 Carbon Monoxide Intoxication 6
Leukoencephalopathy 52
Benjamin Huang
MariaVittoriaSpampinato
4 Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
27 Leukoaraiosis (Microangiopathy) 54
(Hallervorden–Spatz Syndrome) 8
AlessandroCianfoni
AndreaRossi
28 Periventricular Edema inAcute
5 Methanol Intoxication 10
Hydrocephalus 56
Benjamin Huang
AlessandroCianfoni
6 Wilson Disease 12
29 Hypoglycemia 58
Benjamin Huang
Benjamin Huang
7 HypoxicIschemicEncephalopathyinTermNeonates 14
30 X-LinkedAdrenoleukodystrophy(X-ALD) 60
MariasavinaSeverino
Mariasavina Severino
8 Cryptococcosis 16
31 Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) 62
Benjamin Huang
AlessandroCianfoni
9 Gangliosidosis GM2 18
32 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy
MariasavinaSeverino
Syndrome(PRES,Hypertensive
10 LeighDisease 20
Encephalopathy) 64
Mariasavina Severino
MariaVittoriaSpampinato and Zoran Rumboldt
11 Deep Cerebral Vein Thrombosis(DCVT) 22
33 Alexander Disease 66
Benjamin Huang
Mariasavina Severino
12 Creutzfeldt–JakobDisease (CJD) 24
34 Metachromatic Leukodystrophy 68
Benjamin Huang
AndreaRossiand Zoran Rumboldt
13 Global Cerebral Anoxia inMatureBrain 26
35 Neurodegenerative Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
MariaVittoriaSpampinato and Zoran Rumboldt
(ND-LCH) 70
14 Wernicke Encephalopathy 28
Zoran RumboldtandAndrea Rossi
GiulioZuccoli
36 RemoteCerebellar Hemorrhage 72
15 AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis 30
MariaGisele Matheus
Mauricio Castillo
37 Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension 74
16 Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 32
MariaVittoriaSpampinato
Mariasavina Severino
17 Subcortical Band Heterotopia 34
AndreaRossi Other Relevant Cases
18 Bilateral Perisylvian Polymicrogyria (BPP) 36 59 Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 120
Mariasavina Severino Zoran RumboldtandMauricio Castillo
19 Lissencephaly 38 60 MapleSyrup UrineDisease (MSUD) 122
Mariasavina Severino AndreaRossi
20 HerpesSimplexEncephalitis 40 66 OsmoticMyelinolysis 134
Mauricio Castillo andZoran Rumboldt Mauricio Castillo
v
CONTENTS
87 Benign External Hydrocephalus 178 55 Aqueductal Stenosis 112
MariaVittoria Spampinato AndreaRossi
88 Normal PressureHydrocephalus 180 56 ProgressiveSupranuclear Palsy (PSP) 114
AlessandroCianfoni AlessandroCianfoni and Zoran Rumboldt
89 Alzheimer Disease 182 57 Joubert Syndrome 116
MariaVittoria Spampinato MariaVittoriaSpampinato
90 FrontotemporalLobar Degeneration 184 58 Rhombencephalosynapsis 118
MariaVittoria Spampinato Chen Hoffman
91 HuntingtonDisease 186 59 Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 120
Zoran Rumboldt andBenjamin Huang Zoran RumboldtandMauricio Castillo
184 Congenital CytomegalovirusInfection 380 60 MapleSyrup UrineDisease (MSUD) 122
Zoran Rumboldtand Chen Hoffman AndreaRossi
61 Chiari 2Malformation 124
Section 2 Sellar, Perisellar and Mauricio Castillo
62 Tectal Glioma 126
Midline Lesions
MariaGisele Matheus
63 BrainstemGlioma 128
Cases Donna Roberts
38 Rathke’sCleftCyst 78 64 DuretHemorrhage 130
Zoran Rumboldt Mauricio Castillo
39 PituitaryMicroadenoma 80 65 HypertrophicOlivary Degeneration 132
MatthewOmojola and Zoran Rumboldt Zoran RumboldtandBenjamin Huang
40 LymphocyticHypophysitis 82 66 OsmoticMyelinolysis 134
Zoran RumboldtandBenjamin Huang Mauricio Castillo
41 PituitaryMacroadenoma 84 67 Germinoma 136
MatthewOmojola and Zoran Rumboldt Mauricio Castillo andZoran Rumboldt
42 Ectopic Posterior PituitaryLobe 86 68 Pineoblastoma 138
Mauricio Castillo Mauricio Castillo andZoran Rumboldt
43 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 88 69 Pineal Cyst 140
Zoran RumboldtandAndrea Rossi Mauricio Castillo
44 Craniopharyngioma 90 70 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation (VGAM) 142
MariaVittoriaSpampinato AndreaRossi
45 Hypothalamic Hamartoma 92 71 Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis 144
AndreaRossi MariaGisele Matheus
46 Optic Glioma 94 72 Septo-OpticDysplasia 146
MariaGisele Matheus Mariasavina Severino
47 Perisellar Meningioma 96 73 Holoprosencephaly 148
AlessandroCianfoni AndreaRossi
48 Hemangioma of the CavernousSinus 98 74 AtreticParietal Encephalocele 150
Zoran Rumboldt MariaGisele Matheus
49 Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome 100 75 Dermoid Cyst 152
Benjamin Huang Benjamin Huang
50 Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula 102 76 Lipoma 154
Zoran Rumboldt Benjamin Huang
51 Perisellar Aneurysm 104
AlessandroCianfoni Other Relevant Cases
52 Chordoma 106 14 WernickeEncephalopathy 28
AlessandroCianfoni and Zoran Rumboldt GiulioZuccoli
53 Chondrosarcoma 108 93 Dandy–Walker Malformation 190
Zoran Rumboldt AndreaRossi
54 ColloidCyst 110 113 SusacSyndrome 232
AlessandroCianfoni Mauricio Castillo
vi
CONTENTS
Section 3 Parenchymal Defects or 59 Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 120
Zoran RumboldtandMauricio Castillo
Abnormal Volume
61 Chiari 2Malformation 124
Mauricio Castillo
Cases
77 Hippocampal Sclerosis 158 Section 4 Abnormalities Without
AlessandroCianfoni fi
Signi cant Mass Effect
78 Wallerian Degeneration 160
AlessandroCianfoni
79 Rasmussen Encephalitis 162 Cases
Chen Hoffman andZoran Rumboldt A. Primarily Non-Enhancing
80 ChronicInfarct 164
97 Dural Venous SinusThrombosis 200
AlessandroCianfoni
81 Post-Traumatic Atrophy 166 Giulio Zuccoli
98 Dural ArteriovenousFistula 202
Benjamin Huang
82 PostoperativeDefects 168 MatthewOmojola andZoran Rumboldt
99 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 204
Benjamin Huang
83 PorencephalicCyst 170 MatthewOmojola
100 Laminar Necrosis 206
Benjamin Huang
84 Schizencephaly 172 MatthewOmojola
101 Neurocutaneous Melanosis 208
AlessandroCianfoni
85 Hemimegalencephaly 174 MajdaThurnher
102 Superficial Siderosis 210
AndreaRossi
86 Sturge–Weber Syndrome 176 Mauricio Castillo
103 Polymicrogyria 212
MariaGisele Matheus
87 Benign ExternalHydrocephalus 178 MariaVittoriaSpampinato
104 Seizure-RelatedChanges(Peri-IctalMRI
MariaVittoriaSpampinato
88 Normal PressureHydrocephalus 180 Abnormalities) 214
Mauricio Castillo
AlessandroCianfoni
89 Alzheimer Disease 182 105 Embolic Infarcts 216
Benjamin Huang
MariaVittoriaSpampinato
90 Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration 184 106 FocalCortical Dysplasia 218
Zoran Rumboldtand MariaGisele Matheus
MariaVittoriaSpampinato
91 Huntington Disease 186 107 TuberousSclerosisComplex 220
MariaGisele Matheus
Zoran RumboldtandBenjamin Huang
92 Congenital Muscular Dystrophies 188 108 Dysembroplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor
(DNT, DNET) 222
AndreaRossi
93 Dandy–WalkerMalformation 190 GiovanniMorana
109 Nonketotic Hyperglycemia With Hemichorea–
AndreaRossi
94 Microcephaly 192 Hemiballismus 224
Zoran Rumboldt
Mariasavina Severino
95 Hydranencephaly 194 110 Hyperdensity Following Endovascular
Intervention 226
AndreaRossi
96 AcquiredIntracranial Herniations 196 Zoran Rumboldtand Benjamin Huang
111 Early(Hyperacute) Infarct 228
Benjamin Huang
Benjamin Huang
Other Relevant Cases 112 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis(ADEM) 230
16 Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 32 Benjamin Huang
Mariasavina Severino 113 SusacSyndrome 232
31 Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) 62 Mauricio Castillo
AlessandroCianfoni 114 Diffuse AxonalInjury 234
56 ProgressiveSupranuclear Palsy (PSP) 114 MajdaThurnher
AlessandroCianfoni and Zoran Rumboldt 115 Multiple Sclerosis 236
57 Joubert Syndrome 116 MatthewOmojola and Zoran Rumboldt
MariaVittoriaSpampinato 116 ProgressiveMultifocalLeukoencephalopathy
58 Rhombencephalosynapsis 118 (PML) 238
Chen Hoffman Zoran Rumboldt
vii
CONTENTS
117 Nodular Heterotopia 240 131 Leptomeningeal Cyst 270
MariaGisele Matheus Benjamin Huang
132 Epidural Hematoma 272
Other Relevant Cases Benjamin Huang
19 Lissencephaly 38 133 Subdural Hematoma 274
Mariasavina Severino Donna Roberts
20 HerpesSimplexEncephalitis 40 134 Empyema 276
Mauricio Castillo andZoran Rumboldt Mauricio Castillo
21 LimbicEncephalitis 42 135 Secondary(Systemic) Lymphoma 278
Mauricio Castillo Zoran Rumboldt
136 Idiopathic HypertrophicPachymeningitis 280
B. Primarily Enhancing
Zoran Rumboldt
118 Neurosarcoidosis 242 137 OlfactoryNeuroblastoma 282
Zoran Rumboldt
Zoran Rumboldt
119 Meningeal Carcinomatosis 244 138 Meningioma 284
AlessandroCianfoniand Zoran Rumboldt
AlessandroCianfoni
120 Meningitis (Infectious) 246 139 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma 286
GiovanniMorana
Mauricio Castillo
121 Perineural Tumor Spread 248 140 Hemangiopericytoma 288
Zoran Rumboldt Zoran Rumboldt
122 Moyamoya 250 141 Schwannoma 290
GiulioZuccoli
MariaVittoriaSpampinato
123 CentralNervousSystemVasculitis 252 142 Arachnoid Cyst 292
MariaGisele Matheus
GiulioZuccoli
124 Subacute Infarct 254 143 Epidermoid 294
MariaGisele Matheus
Benjamin Huang andZoran Rumboldt
125 ActiveMultipleSclerosis 256 144 Aneurysm 296
Mariasavina Severino Zoran Rumboldt
126 CapillaryTelangiectasia 258 145 Racemose Neurocysticercosis 298
Zoran Rumboldtand MauricioCastillo
AlessandroCianfoni
127 Developmental Venous Anomaly 260 146 EpendymalCyst 300
GiovanniMorana
GiulioZuccoli
128 ImmuneReconstitution Inflammatory 147 ChoroidPlexus Cyst 302
Benjamin Huang
Syndrome (IRIS) 262
Zoran Rumboldt 148 ChoroidPlexus Papilloma 304
129 Ventriculitis 264 AndreaRossi
149 Intraventricular Meningioma 306
Zoran Rumboldtand MajdaThurnher
Zoran Rumboldt
150 CentralNeurocytoma 308
Other Relevant Cases
Mauricio Castillo
30 X-LinkedAdrenoleukodystrophy(X-ALD) 60 151 Ventricular Diverticula 310
Mariasavina Severino
Zoran Rumboldt
33 Alexander Disease 66
Mariasavina Severino
Other Relevant Cases
37 Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension 74 54 ColloidCyst 110
MariaVittoriaSpampinato
AlessandroCianfoni
86 Sturge–Weber Syndrome 176 67 Germinoma 136
MariaGisele Matheus
Mauricio Castillo andZoran Rumboldt
68 Pineoblastoma 138
Section 5 Primarily Extra-Axial Focal
Mauricio Castillo andZoran Rumboldt
Space-Occupying Lesions 75 Dermoid Cyst 152
Benjamin Huang
76 Lipoma 154
Cases
Benjamin Huang
130 Arachnoid Granulations 268 93 Dandy–WalkerMalformation 190
Zoran Rumboldt
AndreaRossi
viii