Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia: with Special Emphasis on Development

363 Pages·2009·14.26 MB·English

by  Jeremy D. Marks (auth.)

Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia
Gabriel G. Haddad · Shan Ping Yu
Editors
Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia
with Special Emphasis on Development
Editors
Gabriel G. Haddad, MD Shan Ping Yu, MD, PhD
University of California Emory University
San Diego, CA Atlanta
Rady Children’s Hospital GA
San Diego, CA [email protected]
[email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-60327-578-1 e-ISBN: 978-1-60327-579-8
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-579-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939850
© Humana Press 2009, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission
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Preface
This is a book that has resulted from many discussions and meetings that the edi-
tors have had in last few years around mechanisms of cell death and cell survival
under stressful conditions in the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed some of
the authors of this book participated in a symposium that was organized by the
editors at the Society for Neuroscience several years ago. The various aspects of
cell death/survival and questions that are addressed here are by and large issues
that are crucial for the understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying brain
hypoxia and ischemia. The hope is that by understanding these mechanisms we
would be better armed to devise much better ways for the diagnosis and treat-
ment of diseases that afflict the brain and potentially other organs when O levels
2
are dysregulated.
Although some overlap between chapters was impossible to prevent, various
chapters in this book address specific questions that we believe are critical at this
stage of the science. These chapters focus on a panorama of issues, from the role
of ion channels/transporters to that of mitochondria and apoptotic mechanisms, to
the role of glutamate/NMDA, to the mechanisms in penumbral cells, to the impor-
tance of intermittent hypoxia, and certainly to gene regulation under these stressful
conditions. While most chapters focus on mammalian models and mechanisms,
some chapters center around invertebrate systems since these have proven to be
exceedingly important in helping us with mammalian and even human systems
and diseases.
Although there is evidence that the newborn or young mammalian CNS is more
tolerant than the mature differentiated system, there is also plenty of evidence that
the newborn CNS is vulnerable to various stresses including hypoxia and ischemia.
Whether the mechanisms are the same or different, whether the vulnerable regions
are the same, and how maturation of certain systems can affect survival or injury
are all important questions that have major clinical implications at the bedside. This
is why this book has a bent toward development.
We believe that this is the first book that has such a panorama of chapters – all in
one book – summarizing the state of our knowledge in this area. We are especially
excited about the intriguing novel discoveries described in many chapters in this
book. The idea is to stimulate and stir discussions around these questions by
v
vi Preface
exposing current knowledge and in so doing the state of our ignorance. We believe
that neuroscientists, clinicians, and medical/graduate students will find this book
useful for both basic research and clinical practice.
San Diego, CA Gabriel G. Haddad
Atlanta, GA Shan Ping Yu
Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Part I Ion Channels, Transporters and Excitotoxicity
1 Regulation of Vulnerability to NMDA Excitotoxicity
During Postnatal Maturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jeremy D. Marks
2 Acidosis, Acid-Sensing Ion Channels, and Glutamate
Receptor-Independent Neuronal Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Zhigang Xiong
3 Brain Ischemia and Neuronal Excitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Ping Deng and Zao C. Xu
4 Critical Roles of the Na+/K+-ATPase
in Apoptosis and CNS Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Adrian Sproul, Xin Zhou, and Shan Ping Yu
5 Emerging Role of Water Channels in Regulating
Cellular Volume During Oxygen Deprivation and Cell Death . . . . . . . 79
Thomas James Younts and Francis “Monty” Hughes, Jr.
6 A Zinc–Potassium Continuum
in Neuronal Apoptosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Patrick Redman, Megan Knoch, and Elias Aizenman
7 Mitochondrial Ion Channels in Ischemic Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Elizabeth A. Jonas
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viii Contents
Part II Reactive Oxygen Species, and Gene Expression to Behavior
8 Perinatal Panencephalopathy in Premature Infants:
Is It Due to Hypoxia-Ischemia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Hannah C. Kinney and Joseph J. Volpe
9 Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia
on Neurological Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
David Gozal
10 Brainstem Sensitivity to Hypoxia and Ischemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Joseph C. LaManna, Paola Pichiule, Kui Xu,
and Juan Carlos Chávez
11 Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia. . . . . . . . . 225
Zezong Gu, Jiankun Cui, and Stuart A. Lipton
12 Oxidative Stress in Hypoxic-Ischemic
Brain Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Laura L. Dugan, M. Margarita Behrens, and Sameh S. Ali
13 Postnatal Hypoxia and the Developing Brain:
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Robert M. Douglas
14 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Gregg L. Semenza
15 Transcriptional Response to Hypoxia
in Developing Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Dan Zhou
16 Acute Stroke Therapy: Highlighting
the Ischemic Penumbra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Hang Yao
17 Genes and Survival to Low O Environment:
2
Potential Insights from Drosophila. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Gabriel G. Haddad
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Contributors
Elias Aizenman
Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
Sameh S. Ali
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California,
San Diego, CA 92093, USA
M. Marga Behrens
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California,
San Diego, CA 92093, USA
Juan Carlos Chávez
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Jiankun Cui
Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research, Burnham Institute for
Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Ping Deng
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
Robert M. Douglas
Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine,
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Laura L. Dugan
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California,
San Diego, CA 92093, USA
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093
David Gozal
Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville,
KY 40202, USA
ix
x Contributors
Zezong Gu
Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School
of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research, Burnham Institute for
Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Gabriel G. Haddad
University of California and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
Francis “Monty” Hughes, Jr.
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
28223, USA
Elizabeth A. Jonas
Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Hannah C. Kinney
Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Megan Knoch
Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, PA 15261
Joseph C. LaManna
Department of Neurology (BRB), Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Stuart A. Lipton
Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research, Burnham Institute for
Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, The Scripps Research Institute, and the
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Jeremy D. Marks
Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
60637, USA
Paola Pichiule
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Patrick Redman
Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, PA 15261
Adrian Sproul
Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of
South Carolina, Charleston, SC29425
Gregg L. Semenza
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA