Brain Dynamics: Progress and Perspectives

553 Pages·1989·15.352 MB·English

by  T. H. Bullock (auth.), Professor Dr. Erol Başar, Professor Dr. Theodore H. Bullock (eds.)

Springer Series 2
in Brain Dynamics
Series Editors:
E. Ba~ar, WI. Freeman, W-D. Heiss,
D. Lehmann, F. H. Lopes da Silva,
E.-I. Speckmann
Erol and Theodore H. Bullock (Eds.)
Ba~ar
Brain Dynamics
Progress and Perspectives
With 206 Figures, Some in Color
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
Professor Dr. EROL BA~AR
Institute of Physiology
Medical University Lubeck
Ratzeburger Allee 160
0-2400 Lubeck 1, FRG
Professor Dr. THEODORE H. BULLOCK
Dept. of Neurosciences, A-001
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
ISBN-13:978-3-642-74559-1 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-74557-7
DOl: lO.lO07/978-3-642-74557-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Brain dynamics: progress and perspectives: based on a
conference in West Berlin in August 1987/Erol Ba~ar and Theodore H. Bullock (editors) p. em. - (Springer
series in brain dynamics; 2) Based on the Second Brain Dynamics Conference held in Berlin on Aug. 10--14,
1987. as a satellite conference of the Budapest Congress of the International Brain Research Organization.
Includes bibliographies ISBN-13:978-3-642-74559-l (U .S.)I. Electroencephalography-Congresses. 2. Neural
circuitry-Congresses. 3. Brain-Magnetic fields-Congresses. 4. Neurophysiology-Congresses. I. Ba~ar,
Ero!. II. Bullock, Theodore Holmes. III. Brain Dynamics Conference (2nd: 1987: Berlin, Germany) IV.
International Brain Research Organization. Congress (2nd: 1987: Budapest, Hungary) V. Series. [DNLM: 1.
Brain-physiology--mngresses. 2. Electroencephalography--mngresses. 3. Electromagnetics--<:ongresses. 4.
Electrophysiology--<:ongresses. 5. Evoked Potentials--<:ongresses. WI SP65ME v. 2/WL 102 B8124 1987]
QP376.5.B73 1989 599'.0188--dc20 DNLM/DLC 89-11362
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A Word about the Series BRAIN DYNAMICS
The brain is probably the most complexly structured matter known. For this
reason, a deeper understanding of brain function demands a special selection of
techniques and procedures without which significant progress cannot be expected.
Dynamics is a concept that takes into account the changes of state of a system.
Different situations are not considered as discrete states existing in isolation;
rather, the transitions and mutual interactions between various states are
examined.
The aim of the new series BRAIN DYNAMICS is to integrate diverse
disciplines of brain research and the central theme of brain dynamics by
publishing qualified contributions implementing a broad spectrum of highly
sophisticated approaches. The following themes help to characterize the direction
of the new series:
- EEG, MEG, evoked and event-related brain responses
- Neuropathology and brain function
- Neural populations and neural networks
- Model epilepsies
- Brain imaging, including computer tomography, PET, and NMR
- Cognitive functions of the brain
- Comparative neurophysiology
- Dynamics of neural populations at the cellular level
- Chaotic dynamics in brain function
The first two books to appear in this series embody the above criteria in that they
contain contributions written by recognized neuroscientists presenting a variety of
advanced approaches and concepts of great promise for future research.
Neuroscientists are encouraged to send proposals for monographs, multiauthor
volumes, or conference proceedings on any of the themes outlined above to one of
the editors of the series. Suggestions for additional topics are also welcome.
EROL BA~AR, Coordinating Editor
Preface
This volume is based on contributions to the second Brain Dynamics Conference,
held in Berlin on August 10-14, 1987, as a satellite conference of the Budapest
Congress of the International Brain Research Organization. Like the volume
resulting from the first conference, Dynamics of Sensory and Cognitive Processing
by the Brain, the present work covers new approaches to brain function, with
emphasis on electromagnetic fields, EEG, event-related potentials, connectivistic
views, and neural networks. Close attention is also paid to research in the
emerging field of deterministic chaos and strange attractors.
The diversity of this collection of papers reflects a multipronged advance in a
hitherto relatively neglected domain, i. e., the study of signs of dynamic processes
in organized neural tissue in order both to explain them and to exploit them for
clues to system function. The need is greater than ever for new windows. This
volume reflects a historical moment, the moment when a relatively neglected field
of basic research into available signs of dynamic processes ongoing in organized
neural tissue is expanding almost explosively to complement other approaches.
From the topics treated, this book should appeal, as did its predecessor, to
neuroscientists, neurologists, scientists studying complex systems, artificial
intelligence, and neural networks, psychobiologists, and all basic and clinical
investigators concerned with new techniques of monitoring and analyzing the
brain's electromagnetic activity.
The second Brain Dynamics Conference comprised sessions of invited lectures
and a closing discussion workshop with nine panelists on the theme "How Brains
May Work". In addition to contributions by conference participants, a few
authors who did not attend the conference accepted the editors' invitation to write
chapters for the second book. The two volumes, which can be considered
complementary, are both concerned with presenting concepts and findings that
characterize current research. The epilogue explains tentatively how the con
tributions in different parts of the book, as well as the closing workshop, might
serve to widen avenues in brain research which have been relatively neglected in
the years since progress in cellular and subcellular research, welcome as it is, has
overshadowed the investigation of the organized nervous system.
Since the first Brain Dynamics Conference attracted great interest, one of the
editors of this volume (E. B.) was encouraged to organize the second conference
only 2 years later. On the basis of their longlasting scientific collaboration and
pursuit of common interests, T. H. B., who took on the responsibility of chairing
the closing workshop, also accepted E. B.'s proposal to co-edit the present book.
VIII Preface
The editors are grateful to the contributors for their readiness and their
promptness in making alterations and revisions of their manuscripts.
The present book is divided into five major parts, each introduced by
comments from the editors. Part I deals with basic approaches expounding
cellular-level and system-theoretical views of various central systems, including
systems of glial cells and invertebrate and vertebrate systems, based on EEG and
magnetoencephalography. Part II concerns linear and nonlinear theoretical
approaches and ends with a discussion covering some aspects of theoretical
physics related to artificial intelligence. Since the nonlinear dynamic approach was
one of the important threads of the conference, this part of the book covers most
of the current lines of work in this area, analyzed by pioneers in the field. Parts III
and IV juxtapose human and animal studies of learning, memory, and motor
function both at the cellular and at the EEG/ERP level.
Finally, Part V, containing the proceedings of the workshop "How Brains
May Work," reflects one of the aims of the conference, to trigger discussion
among scientists with different interests and different approaches whose inter
woven themes might reinforce useful new trends in brain dynamics research.
E. BA~AR and T. H. BULLOCK, Editors
Acknowledgements
The organization of the second Brain Dynamics Conference in Berlin only 2 years
after the first one was made possible by the coordinated efforts of members of the
Neurophysiology Research Group in Lubeck. I want to express a great vote of
thanks to all the group, including my graduate students.
Special thanks are due to my secretary Mrs. Kristine Kay, who coordinated all
the correspondence and to Dr. Joachim Raschke, who organized all local events
in Berlin with great ability. Our chief engineer Mr. Ferdinand Greitschus, who
took the responsibility of technical organization merits additional thanks.
I wish to thank the following institutions for providing financial support: the
Berlin Senate; the U. S. Air Force; Bayer AG; Cadwell Europe Ltd; Dantec
GmbH; Data Analysis Computer Systeme GmbH; Dragerwerke AG Lubeck;
Hoechst AG; Ernst Leitz GmbH; Madaus GmbH; Nicolet Instrument GmbH;
Schwarzer Picker International GmbH; Schwind Medizintechnik.
E. BA~AR, Conference Chairman
Contents
I. Basic Approaches
Introductory Remarks
T. H. BULLOCK. . . . 3
The Micro-EEG Represents Varied Degrees of Cooperativity Among
Wide-Band Generators: Spatial and Temporal Microstructure of
Field Potentials
T. H. BULLOCK ........ . 5
Electrogenesis of Evoked Potentials
R. GALAMBOS (With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cell Membranes, Electromagnetic Fields, and Intercellular Communication
W. R. ADEY (With 3 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The EEG is a Quasi-Deterministic Signal Anticipating Sensory
Cognitive Tasks
E. BA~AR, C. BA~AR-EROGLU, J. RaSCHKE, and A. SCHUTT
(With 17 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 43
Microstates of the Brain in EEG and ERP Mapping Studies
D. LEHMANN (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Spatiotemporal Aspects of Synergetic Processes in the Auditory Cortex
as Revealed by the Magnetoencephalogram
M. HOKE, K. LEHNERTZ, C. PANTEV, and B. LUTKENHONER (With 12 Figures) 84
II. Theoretical Approaches to Brain Function (Linear and Nonlinear)
Introductory Remarks
E. BA~AR ..... . . ............... 109
Self-Similarity in Hyperchaotic Data
O. E. ROSSLER and J. L. HUDSON (With 4 Figures) ........... 113
XII Contents
Estimation of Correlation Dimensions from Single and Multichannel
Recordings - A Critical View
A. BABLOYANTZ (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 122
Correlation Dimensions in Various Parts of Cat and Human Brain
in Different States
J. RaSCHKE and E. BA~AR (With 14 Figures) . . . . . . . . .. .. 131
Magnetoencephalography and Attractor Dimension: Normal Subjects
and Epileptic Patients
K. SAERMARK, J. LEBECH, C. K. BAK, and A. SABERS (With 7 Figures) .. 149
Chaotic Attractors in a Model of Neocortex: Dimensionalities of
Olfactory Bulb Surface Potentials Are Spatially Uniform
and Event Related
J. E. SKINNER, J. L. MARTIN, C. E. LANDISMAN, M. M. MOMMER,
K. FULTON, M. MITRA, W. D. BURTON, and B. SALTZBERG (With 7 Figures) 158
Dimensional Analysis of the Waking EEG
K. E. GRAF and T. ELBERT (With 7 Figures) ........ 174
A Model of the Generation of Electrocortical Rhythms
K. J. BLINOWSKA and P. J. FRANASZCZUK (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . 192
Linearity and Nonlinearity in Electrocortical Waves,
and Their Elementary Statistical Dynamics
J. J. WRIGHT (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . .. 202
Can Artificial Intelligence Help in Finding How Brains May Work?
A. DE CALLATAY (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . . 214
Discussion Following Remarks by A. DE CALLATAY . 233
III. Animal Models in Sensory and Cognitive Processes
Introductory Remarks
T. H. BULLOCK. . . . .241
Comparisons of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Potentials in the Human
and in an Animal Model
J. S. BUCHWALD (With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Evolution of Compound Field Potentials in the Brain
T. H. BULLOCK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Contents XIII
Discontinuities in Visual Cortex and Possible Functional Implications:
Relating Cortical Structure and Function with Multielectrode/
Correlation Techniques
R. ECKHORN, R. BAUER, and H. J. REITBOECK (With 6 Figures) . . . . . 267
Subcortical Evoked Potential Correlates of Early Information
Processing: Mismatch Negativity in Cats
V. CSEPE, G. KARMOS, and M. MOLNAR (With 6 Figures) . ..... 279
"No-Go Potential" in the Prefrontal Cortex of Monkeys
K. SASAKI and H. GEMBA (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . .. 290
Epileptic Phenomena in the Neocortex: From Activity of Single Neurons
to Field Potentials of Neuronal Pools
H. POCKBERGER, E.-J. SPECKMANN, and J. WALDEN (With 5 Figures) ... 302
IV. Brain Potentials During Sensory and Cognitive Processes
Introductory Remarks
E. BA~AR ..... . ...... 313
Quantitative Electrophysiological Maps of Mental Activity
E. R. JOHN, L. S. PRICHEP, and R. J. CHABOT (With 8 Figures) .. . . . 316
Neuroanatomical Contributions to Individual Differences in
P300 Morphology
J. POLICH (With 5 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Sensory and Cognitive 40-Hz Event-Related Potentials: Behavioral
Correlates, Brain Function, and Clinical Application
D. E. SHEER (With 9 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
The CERP: Event-Related Perturbations in Steady-State Responses
S. MAKEIG and R. GALAMBOS (With 15 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . 375
Noninvasive Functional Investigations into Human Cortical Motor
Physiology, Motor Learning, and Motor Imagery
L. DEECKE, W. LANG, G. GOLDENBERG, and I. PODREKA (With 2 Figures). 401
Signs of Model Making by the Human Brain
A. S. GEVINS (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
The Clinical Use of P300 Cartography in Diseases with Disturbed
Cognitive Processing of the Brain
K. MAURER (With 6 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Influence of Physostigmine on Cognitive Processing of the Brain
R. IHL, L. FROLICH, T. DIERKS, and K. MAURER (With 2 Figures) .... 429