Table Of ContentThe Brain–Bladder Axis in Tissue
Growth and Remodelling
IPEM–IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology
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University of Malta, Malta University of Virginia, USA
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formerly of BIPM, Sèvres, France University of Oxford, UK
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University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA TU Delft, The Netherlands
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The Brain–Bladder Axis in Tissue
Growth and Remodelling
Roustem N Miftahof and Christian J Cyron
EißendorferStraße42(M15),TechnicalUniversity,Hamburg-Harburg21073,Germany
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
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ISBN 978-0-7503-3567-6(ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-3565-2(print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-3568-3(myPrint)
ISBN 978-0-7503-3566-9(mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-3567-6
Version:20210701
IOPebooks
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PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London
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To all those who are always in our hearts
—Roustem N Miftahof
To my wife, Anna, and my daughter, Amelia
—Christian J Cyron
Contents
Preface x
Author biographies xii
Acronyms xiii
1 Anatomical and morphological preliminaries 1-1
1.1 Overview of the urinary bladder 1-1
1.2 Detrusor muscle 1-4
1.3 ‘Pacemakers’ 1-7
1.4 Mechanosensation 1-8
1.5 Afferent signalling 1-9
1.6 Neuronal assemblies in the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis 1-11
1.6.1 Periventricular nucleus 1-11
1.6.2 Arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex 1-12
1.6.3 Adenohypophysis (somatotrpohs) 1-13
References 1-14
2 Continual models of the bladder tissue 2-1
2.1 Single-phase models 2-1
2.2 Multiphase models 2-5
References 2-7
3 Models of the urinary bladder 3-1
3.1 The bladder as shell structure 3-1
3.2 The bladder as soft bioshell 3-4
3.2.1 General postulates 3-4
3.2.2 Governing equations in general curvilinear coordinates 3-5
3.2.3 Electromyogenic phenomenon 3-7
3.2.4 Electromechanical coupling 3-11
3.2.5 Mechanosensory element 3-12
3.2.6 Problem closure 3-13
References 3-13
4 Signalling mechanisms 4-1
4.1 L-Glutamate 4-1
vii
TheBrain–BladderAxisinTissueGrowthandRemodelling
4.2 GABA 4-5
4.3 Glycine 4-7
4.4 Somatostatin 4-8
4.5 Growth hormone releasing hormone 4-11
4.6 Ghrelin 4-14
4.7 Growth hormone 4-16
4.8 Insulin-like growth factor-1 4-21
4.9 Myogenesis 4-23
4.10 Collagenesis 4-25
References 4-26
5 Modelling the (intra)hypothalamic–pituitary axis 5-1
5.1 Signal transduction 5-1
5.2 Protein-tyrosine kinase receptor signalling 5-8
5.3 Gene expression 5-11
5.4 Hormonal interactions 5-13
References 5-17
6 Growth and remodelling 6-1
6.1 Biological preliminaries 6-1
6.2 Continuum mechanics growth and remodelling models 6-2
6.2.1 General postulates 6-2
6.2.2 Kinematic growth model 6-3
6.2.3 Constrained mixture theory 6-4
6.2.4 A homogenised constrained mixture model 6-7
References 6-9
7 Brain–bladder axis in tissue growth and remodelling 7-1
7.1 The architecture of the BBA 7-1
7.2 Mathematical formulation of the BBA 7-5
7.3 An Achilles’ heel 7-6
7.4 Simulation results 7-12
References 7-21
8 What is to follow? 8-1
8.1 Making a model reliable 8-1
viii
TheBrain–BladderAxisinTissueGrowthandRemodelling
8.2 Model expansions in biomedicine 8-3
8.3 Implementations in engineering 8-8
References 8-9
Appendices
Appendix A A-1
Appendix B B-1
Appendix C C-1
Appendix D D-1
ix
