Brain and Heart Dynamics

986 Pages·2020·20.51 MB·English

by  Stefano Govoni, Pierluigi Politi, Emilio Vanoli

Stefano Govoni
Pierluigi Politi
Emilio Vanoli
Editors
Brain and
Heart
Dynamics
Brain and Heart Dynamics
(cid:129)
Stefano Govoni Pierluigi Politi
Emilio Vanoli
Editors
Brain and Heart
Dynamics
With73Figuresand48Tables
Editors
StefanoGovoni PierluigiPoliti
DepartmentofDrugSciences DepartmentofBrainand
SectionofPharmacology BehavioralSciences
UniversityofPavia UniversityofPavia
Pavia,Italy Pavia,Italy
EmilioVanoli
DepartmentofMolecularMedicine
UniversityofPavia
Pavia,Italy
ISBN978-3-030-28007-9 ISBN978-3-030-28008-6(eBook)
ISBN978-3-030-28009-3(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28008-6
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ToOttavia,Davide,Luca,Camilla,WangLi,andOlivia:ournext
generations. They are love and drive to live for
Preface
Donatellasaid:“I’dlikeyoualltowriteabouthowbrainandhearttalktoeach
other.”Pierluigireplayedbysaying:“OK,Icancollectagroupofexpertsable
todescribemany,ifnotall,aspectsofpsycheandheartandhowthefirstcan
drivethesecond.”Stefanoadded:“Icancollectagroupofexpertsdescribing
all aspects of brain activity, pharmacology and the cardiovascular conse-
quencesofcentralneuraldisorders.”Beingthecardiologistofthetrio,Emilio
feltlikehewasboundtobethetargetofthecrossneuralfiringcomingfrom
abovebuthethoughtofthemanyyearsofgreatlearninginneuro-cardiology.
Emilio’sloopingupwasthen:“Wellguys,I’lltellyouhowtheheartisdriving
you both! The heart as a ‘sensing organ’this is what I had learned from my
greatmentorswhostillguidemewiththeirrestlessscientificlife.”Andthisis
howourgreatventurestarted.
Theunderlyingunderstandingwasthat,inthisarena,nothingisstillandwe
were about to deal with “Brain Heart Dynamics” and the title was there! By
joiningourday-to-dayscientificlife,wehadbeensharingknowledge,going
fromtheinvisibleorchestratofaceautismtopharmacologyofneuraldiseases
to autonomic bidirectional drive of the heart. This is the deep soul of this
referencebook.Wehopewefulfilledthegoalthatwepursuedover2yearsof
intensivework.
Movingalongtheindexoftheoperathereaderwillfind,stepbystep,the
descriptionofthemanywaysbywhichtheheartissendingitsmessagestothe
brain. This occurs within fractions of seconds so that neuromodulation of
cardiovascular control can take place in a fraction of a second. Think about
howmanyeventsthebrainhastomanageinafractionofasecond:westandup
in fraction of a second, maintaining cerebral perfusion against gravity that
would take all blood to our feet. Emotions, as any other higher cerebral
function. Need cardiovascular responses in a fraction of a second. Many
aspectsofourliferunalongthishigh-speedrail:atthetimeofanyminoror,
moreso,severeperturbationofourmentalprocess,anytimewetakeapillor
engageinexercise,whenawakeorsleeping.Ofnote,sleepisatimewhenmost
of our functions are under our autonomic nervous system’s control, but our
mindprocessisreloading,andmillionsofdataarereprocessed.
The entire life fluctuates in fractions of seconds, and this is the dynamic
world still far from being understood that we aimed at describing in the
61 chapters that you’ll find available hereafter. We believe there is no need
for a redundant recall of the importance of the continuing research on the
vii
viii Preface
brain–heartinteractions,butwewouldliketorecallthatthisisthecentraldrive
ofawhole,whereanypieceplaysarolefromthetipofthetoetotheguts,the
kidney, and edge of our hairs. One for all is the case of the novel use of
electricalstimulationofthecervicalvagustoeffectivelytreatresistantepilepsy
anddepression.Eightypercentofthefiberstravellingintothecervicalvagus
carriesafferentinformationfromallvisceratotheCNS.Thisimpliesthatthe
composite afferent information originating from the body can profoundly
modulatetheelectricalandbiochemicalfunctionsofthebrain.
The take-home message we hope that the reader will save after working
throughthechaptersofthisreferencebookis,indeed,thatourbodyoperatesin
loopswherethechiefcommanderoperatesthedrivingand,inturn,isdrivenby
the whole body. This is so because the heart and the rest of the body are
designing its route. It seems sometimes as if somebody has indeed designed
thisbeautifulfunctionalarchitectureinthehumanbody.Willthehumanbeing
everabletoduplicatesucharchitectureinher/hisworld?Meanwhilewehope
you’llenjoytravellingalongthisbook.
July2020 StefanoGovoni
PierluigiPoliti
EmilioVanoli
Acknowledgments
First, we would like to thank all contributors and section editors for making
thisbookareality!
Anenormousthanktotwogreatwomenwhogave“brainandheart”tothe
conception of this opera: Donatella Rizza (see preface), who triggered the
thought and drove the project to its approval, and Cristina Marelli, who
supervisedtheprojectdesignandprogressionwithherwonderfulpersonality
andbrightmind.Thisworkmadeittoitssuccessfulendbecauseofthenever-
endingguidancebyShrutiDatt:thankyousomuch.Wewanttoexpressour
profoundgratitudetootherfundamentalcontributors:SandraFabiani(Refer-
ence Publisher) for her continuous contribution over the entire period of
manuscripts acquisition and management. We would also like to thank the
Production PMs, Mr. Ragavan Rajasekaran and Ms. Madhivathani Madhi
Maran,fortheirsupportincopyeditingandtypesetting.
Two years of wonderful work and learning! GRAZIE from the heart and
brain!
ix
Contents
PartI FunctionalAnatomyandMolecularBasisofthe
Cardiac-BrainAxis .......................................... 1
1 Brain-HeartAfferent-EfferentTraffic .................. 3
VeronicaDusiandJeffreyL.Ardell
2 Brain-HeartCommunication ......................... 25
AlessiaPascaleandStefanoGovoni
3 TheCardiorenalCrossTalk .......................... 43
EdoardoGrondaandEmilioVanoli
4 GeneticDeterminantsAffectingtheRelationshipBetween
theAutonomicNervousSystemandSuddenDeath ....... 55
RachelM.A.terBekkeandPaulG.A.Volders
5 CognitiveDeclineinElderlyPatientswithHypertensive
HeartDisease ...................................... 79
IlariaLiguori,FrancescoCurcio,PasqualeAbete,and
GianlucaTesta
PartII InflammatoryProcessesPerturbingBrain-Heart
Dialogue ................................................... 95
6 ImmuneSystemandMind-BodyMedicine:
AnOverview ...................................... 97
LauraCalvilloandGianfrancoParati
7 Nociception,SympatheticNervousSystem,and
Inflammation ...................................... 117
VeronicaDusi
8 TheRoleofEmotions,Stress,andMentalStatein
InflammatoryProcessesPerturbingBrain-HeartDialogue ... 147
PietroCipresso,JavierFernándezAlvarez,GiuseppeRiva,and
LauraCalvillo
xi
xii Contents
PartIII EmotionalProcessesandHowTheyMayInfluence
CardiovascularActivity,DiseaseOnset,Outcomes,and
QualityofLife .............................................. 165
9 Biofeedback ....................................... 167
FredricShafferandDonaldMoss
10 DistinguishingCardiacfromPsychologicalSomatic
Symptoms ......................................... 181
AlessandroRodolicoandLudovicoMineo
11 ConsequencesofAlteredCardiacActivityon
BrainActivity ...................................... 197
EnricoBaldiandSimoneSavastano
12 EmotionalProcessingandHeartActivity ............... 213
UmbertoProvenzani
13 TheRelationshipBetweenPsychologicalDistressand
Bio-behavioralProcessesinCardiovascularDisease ....... 229
StefaniaBalzarotti,BarbaraColombo,and
AmandaChristensen
PartIV BidirectionalInfluencesofCommonPsychiatric
ConditionsandCardiovascularActivity ...................... 241
14 Anxiety,Anger,Personality,andHeartDisease ........... 243
LauraFusar-PoliandDavideArillotta
15 CardiovascularManifestationsofPanicandAnxiety ...... 261
PhillipJ.Tully,SuzanneCosh,andSusannePedersen
16 DepressionandCardiovascularDiseases ................ 281
IsabellaMasci,SergioMerlino,andGraziaRutigliano
17 BipolarDisorder ................................... 297
CamillaGesi,BarbaraCarpita,FilippoM.Barberi,
AnnalisaCordone,andLilianaDell’Osso
18 BorderlinePersonalityDisorderandtheHeart ........... 315
AnnalisaBoldrini
19 CardiovascularManifestationsinSchizophrenia ......... 335
FedericaCalorio,CristinaGraziaCatania,and
MatteoRocchetti
20 PTSDandCardiovascularDisease ..................... 355
ClaudiaCarmassi,AnnalisaCordone,VirginiaPedrinelli,and
LilianaDell’Osso
21 PsychiatricAspectsofSuddenCardiacArrestand
ImplantableCardioverter-Defibrillators ................ 377
SimoneSavastano,EnricoBaldi,andNatasciaBrondino