Bovine Tuberculosis

285 Pages·2018·4.029 MB·English

by  Stephen B Gordon, Paul Barrow

Bovine Tuberculosis
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Bovine Tuberculosis
Edited by
Mark Chambers
University of Surrey, UK
Stephen Gordon
University College Dublin, Ireland
Francisco Olea-Popelka
Colorado State University, USA
and
Paul Barrow
University of Nottingham, UK
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gordon, Stephen B., editor. | Barrow, Paul, editor.
Title: Bovine tuberculosis / edited by Mark Chambers, University of Surrey, UK, Stephen Gordon,
University College, Dublin, Ireland, Francisco Olea-Popelka, Colorado State University, USA and Paul Barrow,
University of Nottingham, UK.
Description: Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK ; Boston, MA, USA : CABI, [2018] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017050595 (print) | LCCN 2017054340 (ebook) | ISBN 9781786391537 (epdf) |
ISBN 9781786391544 (epub) | ISBN 9781786391520 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Tuberculosis in cattle. | Cattle--Diseases.
Classification: LCC SF967.T8 (ebook) | LCC SF967.T8 B685 2018 (print) | DDC 636.2089/995--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017050595
ISBN-13: 9781786391520
Commissioning editor: Caroline Makepeace
Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury
Production editor: Marta Patiño
Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, Preston, UK.
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
Contents
Preface vii
Contributors ix
List of figures xii
1 Bovine Tuberculosis: Worldwide Picture 1
Lina Awada, Paolo Tizzani, Elisabeth Erlacher-Vindel, Simona Forcella and Paula Caceres
2 Mycobacterium bovis as the Causal Agent of Human Tuberculosis:
Public Health Implications 16
Francisco Olea-Popelka, Anna S. Dean, Adrian Muwonge, Alejandro Perera, Mario Raviglione
and Paula I. Fujiwara
3 Economics of Bovine Tuberculosis: A One Health Issue 31
Hind Yahyaoui Azami and Jakob Zinsstag
4 The Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Cattle 43
Andrew J.K. Conlan and James L.N. Wood
5 Mycobacterium bovis Molecular Typing and Surveillance 58
Robin A. Skuce, Andrew W. Byrne, Angela Lahuerta-Marin and Adrian Allen
6 Bovine Tuberculosis in Other Domestic Species 80
Anita L. Michel
7 Role of Wildlife in the Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis 93
Naomi J. Fox, Paul A. Barrow and Michael R. Hutchings
8 Molecular Virulence Mechanisms of Mycobacterium bovis 106
Alicia Smyth and Stephen V. Gordon

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vi Contents
9 The Pathology and Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis Infection 122
Francisco J. Salguero
10 Innate Immune Response in Bovine Tuberculosis 140
Jacobo Carrisoza-Urbina, Xiangmei Zhou and José A. Gutiérrez-Pabello
11 Adaptive Immunity 154
Jayne Hope and Dirk Werling
12 Immunological Diagnosis 173
Ray Waters and Martin Vordermeier
13 Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
Infections 191
Sylvia I. Wanzala and Srinand Sreevatsan
14 Vaccination of Domestic and Wild Animals Against Tuberculosis 206
Bryce M. Buddle, Natalie A. Parlane, Mark A. Chambers and Christian Gortázar
15 Managing Bovine Tuberculosis: Successes and Issues 225
Paul Livingstone and Nick Hancox
16 Perspectives on Global Bovine Tuberculosis Control 248
Francisco Olea-Popelka, Mark A. Chambers, Stephen Gordon and Paul Barrow
Index 255
Preface
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a major endemic infectious disease in cattle worldwide and a seri-
ous zoonosis. It remains a source of economic loss in several countries, even in those that introduced
comprehensive control and eradication schemes many decades ago. In countries that do not cur-
rently have the infrastructure to introduce national control measures, zoonotic transmission of
infection continues to inflict morbidity and mortality in humans of all ages.
Despite the recent publication of a number of books covering bTB, these have emphasized the
diagnosis and epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in different countries (Thoen et al., 2006, ISBN-
13: Ib. 978-0813809199; 2014, ISBN: 978-1-118-47429-7), or include M. bovis amongst other
mycobacteria such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae (Mukundan et al., 2015, ISBN-13: 978-
1780643960). We felt that there was need for a book covering all aspects of M. bovis biology and
infection: epidemiological, pathological, microbiological, genomic and immunological together with
a comparative approach to the different control schemes being undertaken in different countries.
Indeed, despite the well-known threat of M. bovis to human health, zoonotic tuberculosis in humans
has long been neglected. For this reason, in October 2017, a Zoonotic Tuberculosis Roadmap was
launched as a joint effort between the World Health Organization (WHO), The International Union
Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), the World Health Organization for Animal
Health (OIE), and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) to address the prevention, control,
and treatment challenges faced by communities at higher risk of contracting zoonotic tuberculosis.
This roadmap recognizes ‘the interdependence of the health of people and animals, and the impor-
tance of a One Health approach to zoonotic TB, which draw on expertise and collaborative relation-
ships across different sectors and disciplines’. We therefore see the publication of this book as timely,
bringing together international experts to provide a current synthesis of the key issues facing us in
the control of bTB.
Huge progress has been made in controlling bTB in the last 100 years. In the late 19th century
and early years of the 20th century, comprehensive pathological and microbiological analysis of
bovine and human disease demonstrated that M. bovis could cause generalized disease in man. Ini-
tial control of zoonotic infection involved milk pasteurization. National control schemes were intro-
duced in the early 20th century in many European countries, North America and Australasia, which
resulted in ever-increasing areas within individual countries with ever-decreasing levels of infection.
Many developed countries are now ‘officially’ TB free. This has all been done through the use of the
tuberculin skin test, relying as it does on a relatively crude antigen preparation that is difficult to

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viii Preface
standardize. Demands for more sensitive and specific diagnostic methods will need to be met in the
coming years.
Historically, the use of vaccines for controlling bTB was not pursued, with reliance instead on
the currently accepted methods of tuberculin test-and-slaughter. However, the persistence of infec-
tion in wildlife reservoirs, some of which are protected by law, is driving research towards vaccine
development and deployment, including approaches that would allow differentiation between vac-
cinated animals and those infected with M. bovis or with other mycobacteria. These requirements
underlie the drive for detailed understanding of the immunological responses of cattle, and of key
wildlife species such as badgers, possums, white tailed deer and wild boars, to infection with M. bovis.
The availability of the first genome sequence of M. bovis in 2003, coupled with transcriptional
analysis at the level of the genome, has led to huge strides in understanding the metabolism and
virulence of this organism and how it differs from M. tuberculosis and the attenuated M. bovis bacillus
Calmette–Guérin vaccine. Whole genome sequencing of multiple M. bovis isolates is now leading to
a better understanding of the global population structure and has been adapted for strain typing
purposes, an area already supplying insights into M. bovis transmission dynamics. An improved
understanding of M. bovis virulence genes could identify targets to be exploited in development of
the next generation of live vaccines.
We have divided this book into separate sections with cross-referencing, where appropriate.
Chapters 1 to 7 cover the global situation, public health and economic significance and epidemiology
of TB cattle, other species and wildlife. Chapters 8 and 9 cover the mechanism of disease, namely the
molecular basis of virulence, pathogenesis and pathology. Chapters 10 and 11 cover innate and
adaptive immunity. Chapters 12 to 15 include approaches to surveillance (immunological and
molecular diagnosis) and control (vaccination and other approaches to control). Finally, in Chapter
16 the editors have synthesized the main findings from the chapters with a look forward to the
future.
It is over 110 years since Theobald Smith first differentiated the human and bovine tubercle
bacilli. We hope that the comprehensive update on M. bovis and bTB delivered in this book will pro-
vide the reader with a feeling for this fascinating organism, a pathogen that still challenges at the
nexus of animal and human medicine.
Paul Barrow
Mark Chambers
Stephen Gordon
Francisco Olea-Popelka
Contributors
Adrian Allen, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agrifood and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT4 3SD,
UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Lina Awada, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, France.
E-mail: [email protected]
Paul A. Barrow, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton
Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE125RD, UK. E-mail: paul.barrow@
nottingham.ac.uk
Bryce M. Buddle, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
E-mail: [email protected]
Andrew W. Byrne, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, AgriFood and
Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Paula Caceres, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, 12 Rue de Prony, 75017,
France. E-mail: [email protected]
Jacobo Carrisoza-Urbina, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina
Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510,
Mexico.
Mark A. Chambers, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT153NB,
UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of
Surrey, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Andrew J.K. Conlan, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley
Road, Cambridge, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Anna S. Dean, Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. E-mail:
[email protected]
Elisabeth Erlacher-Vindel, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, 12 Rue de Prony,
75017, France. E-mail: [email protected]
Simona Forcella, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, 12 Rue de Prony, 75017,
France. E-mail: S. [email protected]
Naomi J. Fox, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush,
Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Paula I. Fujiwara, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Boulevard Saint
Michel, 75006, Paris, France. E-mail: [email protected]

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