Bounding Nature: Conservation and Sovereignty - Arctic Yearbook

387 Pages·2013·7.3 MB·English

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Arctic Yearbook 2013

Heininen, Lassi. (Ed.). (2013). Arctic Yearbook 2013. Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research
Forum. Available from, http://www.arcticyearbook.com.

This publication is available under limited copyright protection. You may download,
distribute, photocopy, cite or excerpt this document provided it is properly and fully
credited and not used for commercial purposes.

Cover Image:
Pitseolak Qimirpik
Young Man Playing MP3
Cape Dorset, 2010
Stone, electrical wire, antler
16 x 5 x 6 inches
Reproduced with the permission of Dorset Fine Arts.

Editor:

Lassi Heininen, University of Lapland [[email protected]]

Managing Editors:

Heather Exner-Pirot, University of Saskatchewan [[email protected]];

Joël Plouffe, National School of Public Administration (ENAP-Montréal)
[[email protected]]

Editorial Board:

Dr. Lawson W. Brigham (Distinguished Professor of Geography & Arctic Policy,
University of Alaska Fairbanks; Senior Fellow, Institute of the North, United States)
Dr. Robert Corell (Principal and Professor II, Global Environment & Technology
Foundation; Chair of Global Science Associates; University of Tromsø & University of
the Arctic, Norway)
Dr. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (Honorable President of Iceland)
Dr. Yang Jian (Vice-President of Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, China)
Dr. Kari Laine (Director of the Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland)
Dr. Gustaf Lind (Ambassador for the Arctic, Sweden)
Dr. Steven E. Miller (Director of the International Security Program; Editor-in-Chief of
International Security, Harvard University, United States)
Dr. Alexander Pelyasov (Russian Academy of Sciences; Director of the Center of
Northern and Arctic Economics; Ministry of Economic Development & Trade, Russia)
Ms. Diana Wallis (MEP & Former Vice-President of the EU Parliament, United
Kingdom)
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About Arctic Yearbook

The Arctic Yearbook is the outcome of the Northern Research Forum and the
University of the Arctic Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security. The TN
also organizes the annual Calotte Academy.
The Arctic Yearbook seeks to be the preeminent repository of critical analysis on the
Arctic region, with a mandate to inform observers about the state of Arctic geopolitics
and security. It is an international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed publication,
published online at www.arcticyearbook.com to ensure wide distribution and accessibility
to a variety of stakeholders and observers.
Arctic Yearbook material is obtained through a combination of invited contributions and
an open call for papers. For more information on contributing to the Arctic Yearbook,
or participating in the UArctic TN on Geopolitics and Security, contact the Editor, Lassi
Heininen.
AY Peer Review Process

Articles selected for blind peer-review are distributed to two faculty reviewers. AY uses a
blind peer-review process where the identities of the submitting author as well as those
of the peer-reviewers are unknown to each party. All efforts will be made by the AY
editors to keep the identities of the submitting author and peer-reviewers confidential.

Publication Frequency & Open Access Policy

Arctic Yearbook publishes annually. AY provides open access to its content at
www.arcticyearbook.com on the principle that making research freely available to the
public supports a greater dialogue on Arctic geopolitics and security, between scholars,
policymakers, various stakeholders and northerners.

Acknowledgments
The Arctic Yearbook would like to acknowledge the Arctic Portal
[http://arcticportal.org/] for their generous technical and design support; Nordregio
[http://www.nordregio.se] for contributing the map of international cooperation
organizations in the Arctic; Dorset Fine Arts [http://www.dorsetfinearts.com] and the
TD Inuit Art Gallery [http://www.td.com/inuitart/gallery/inuit-gallery.html] for the
use of the cover image; and the scholars who provided peer review of the academic
articles.
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Acronyms

A5 Arctic 5
AAC Arctic Athabaskan Council
AANDC Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
AC Arctic Council
ACAP Arctic Contaminants Action Program
ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
AHDR Arctic Human Development Report
AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program
AMSA Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment
AMSP Arctic Marine Strategic Plan
ANWR Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
AOR Arctic Ocean Review
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASSW Arctic Science Summit Week
AWPPA Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act
BAM Baikal-Amur Mainline
BAT Best Available Techniques
BEAC Barents Euro Arctic Council
BEAR Barents Euro Arctic Region
BEP Best Environmental Practice
BIS Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (UK)
BP British Petroleum
CAA Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration
CAFF Conservation of Arctic Fauna and Flora
CARC Canadian Arctic Resources Committee
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States
CCGS Canadian Coast Guard Ship
CEA Centre d‘Etudes Arctiques
CEARC Centre Européen Arctique
CFP Common Fisheries Policy
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CLCS Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)
COP15 15th Conference of Parties (to the Kyoto Protocol)
CORE Centre for Offshore Research & Engineering
CP Le Cercle Polaire
CPAR Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region
DC Davis Corridor
DECC Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK)
DEFRA Department for Food and Rural Affairs (UK)
DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada)
DfT Department for Transport (UK)
DND Department of National Defence (Canada)
DWT Dead Weight Tonnes
EBM Ecosystem Based Management
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EC European Commission
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EFTA European Free Trade Agreeement
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ENGO Environmental Non Governmental Organizations
EP European Parliament
EPPR Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response
EU European Union
FC Fram Corridor
FCO UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office
FPSO Floating Production Storage and Offloading
GBP Great Britain Pound
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEGA Groupe d‘Etude sur la Gouvernance Arctique (France)
GPS Global Positioning System
HDI Human Development Index
IASC International Arctic Science Committee
IASSA International Arctic Social Science Association
ICC Inuit Circumpolar Council
IEA International Energy Agency
IGO Intergovernmental Organisation
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMO International Maritime Organisation
INSROP International Northern Sea Route Programme
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPEV Institut Polaire Français
IPS Indigenous Peoples‘ Secretariat
IPY International Polar Year
IR International Relations
ISA International Seabed Authority
ITC Inuit Tapirisat of Canada
ITK Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
JANSROP Japan Northern Sea Route Programme
JARE Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition
JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
JCAR Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research
JOGMEC Japan Oil, Gas, and Metals National Corporation
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
MARPOL Convention on the Prevention of Pollution by Ships
MCA Maritime and Coastguard Agency (UK)
MEP Member of European Parliament
MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan)
MMPA Marine Mammals Protection Act (USA)
MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MP Member of Parliament
MPA Maritime and Port Authority (Singapore)
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MT Metric Tonnes
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
ND Northern Dimension (EU)
NDFP Northern Dimension of Canadian Foreign Policy
NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Convention
NEP Northeast Passage
NERC Natural Environment Research Council (UK)
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NIPR National Institute of Polar Research (Japan)
NMC Northern Maritime Corridor
NORA Nordic Atlantic Cooperation
NORAD North American Air Defence Command
NORDEFCO Nordic Defense Cooperation
NORDREG Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services
NORDSUP Nordic Supportive Defense Structures
NPC Northern Pacific Corridor
NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center
NSPD National Security Presidential Directive
NSR Northern Sea Route
NUS National University of Singapore
NWP Northwest Passage
NWT Northwest Territories
OME Offshore and Marine Engineering
OPRC International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response
and Co-operation
OPRF Ocean Policy Research Foundation (Japan)
OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic
PA Polar Ambassador
PAME Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment
PAP People‘s Action Party (Singapore)
PAS Polish Academy of Science
PM Prime Minister
PMO Prime Minister‘s Office
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
PP Permanent Participants
PRS Stanislaw Siedlecki Polish Research Station
PRU Polar Regions Unit (UK)
PSA Port of Singapore Authority
RAIPON Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North
RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police
RFE Russian Far East
RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization
SAO Senior Arctic Official
SAON Sustaining Arctic Observation Network
SAR Search and Rescue
SCPAR Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region
SDF Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
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SDWG Sustainable Development Working Group (Arctic Council)
SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
SMC Singapore‘s Maritime Cluster
SNP Scottish National Party
SOE State Owned Enterprises
SOF Ship and Ocean Foundation
SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea (IMO)
STCW Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers
TNC Transnational Corporations
TPP Trans Polar Passage
TSR Transpolar Sea Route
UDHR Universal Declaration on Human Rights
UK United Kingdom
ULCC Ultra Large Crude Carrier
UN United Nations
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
UNECE United Nations European Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNIS University of Svalbard
USA United States of America
USGS United States Geological Survey
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier
WCED World Commission on Environment and Development
WDGF Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WWF World Wildlife Fund
WWII World War II

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New Possibilities for the Northern Peripheral Regions in the Post-Cold War Era
By Jari Koivumaa | Lapland Vocational College, Finland .................................................. 199

Section III | Circumpolar Relations in Interesting Times .................................. 210

Natural News, State Discourses & The Canadian Arctic
By Heather N. Nicol | Trent University, Canada ................................................................ 211

The Arctic Ocean Review, the Arctic Voice, & Dealing with the Interplay of Global
& Regional Regimes
By Marc-André Dubois, Alexander Shestakov & Clive Tesar | WWF Arctic Programme,
Canada ........................................................................................................................................ 237

Creating a Framework for Consensus Building & Governance: An Appraisal of the
Swedish Arctic Council Chairmanship & the Kiruna Ministerial Meeting
By Douglas C. Nord | Western Washington University, United States of America ...... 249

Strengthening the Capacity of the Arctic Council: Is the Permanent Secretariat a First
Step?
By Belén Sánchez Ramos | University of Vigo, Spain ........................................................ 264

Section IV | Arctic Resource Policy and Politics ................................................. 279

Scramble for the Arctic Offshore Oil & Gas Resources in Russia
By Nadezhda Filimonova | Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Russia...... 280

What Does the Arctic Teach Us? An Epistemological Essay on Business-Government
Relations
By Matthias Finger | École plolytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland .............. 296

Industrialized Fisheries in Arctic and Antarctic Waters: Selected Atlantic Fishing
Industries and Arctic Regions in a Historical Perspective
By Ingo Heidbrink | Old Dominion University, United States of America .................... 312

Section V | Commentaries ................................................................................... 326

The Arctic Council & Canada‘s Chairmanship
By Patrick Borbey | Chair, Arctic Council Senior Arctic Officials (SAO), Canadian
Chairmanship ............................................................................................................................ 327

Challenges & Opportunities Ahead for the Arctic Council
By Lawson W. Brigham | University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States of America .. 331

No Entry for EU into the Arctic while Guaranteeing Access to Others?
By Tarja Cronberg | Finnish Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Member of
the Greens/EFA Group .......................................................................................................... 334

Greenland‘s State-Building Process: Still a Long Way to Go
By Damien Degeorges | Paris School of Business, France ................................................ 337
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Rendez-vous at Reykjavik
By Klaus Dodds | Royal Holloway, University of London, England .............................. 340

A Proliferation of Forums: A Second Wave of Organizational Development in the Arctic
By Heather Exner-Pirot, University of Saskatchewan & Joël Plouffe, National School of
Public Administration (ENAP-Montréal), Canada .............................................................. 343

Future Prospects for Petroleum Development in the Arctic
By Rúni M. Hansen, Statoil's Arctic Unit .............................................................................. 346

Arctic Council Secretariat Established
By Magnús Jóhanesson, Director, Arctic Council Secretaritat ........................................... 346

The Importance of Public and Private Sector Engagement in the Arctic
By Steven R. Myers, Pacific Northwest Economic Region (PNWER), United States of
America ....................................................................................................................................... 350

Russian Strategy of the Development of the Arctic Zone and the Provision of National
Security until 2020 (adopted by the President of the Russian Federation on February 8,
2013, № Pr-232)
By Alexander Pelyasov, Center for the Arctic & Northern Economies, Council for
Research for Productive Forces, Russia ................................................................................ 353

The North & the Arctic: Québec‘s Interests and Actions
By Government of Québec ..................................................................................................... 356

China, Japan and the Arctic in 2013
By Aki Tonami, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ....................................................... 359

Arctic Opportunities: An Alaskan Perspective
By Mead Treadwell, Lieutenant Governor, Alaska, United States of America ................ 359

Section VI | Briefing Notes .................................................................................. 365

Briefing Note | The West Nordic Council and its Arctic Engagement
By Egill Thor Nielsson | Polar Research Institute of China………………..……..…..366

Briefing Note | Themes and Highlights from the 2013 NRF Open Assembly
By Susan Carruth & Julia Martin | Northern Research Forum Researchers ................... 373

Briefing Note | Calotte Academy 2013: Natural Resources and Energy Security in the
Arctic: Geopolitics & Dialogue In, Across and Beyond the North Calotte
By Hanna Lempinen | Arctic Centre, University of Lapland Finland & Joël Plouffe |
National School of Public Administration (ENAP - Montréal), Canada ......................... 381