Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings and energy ...

124 Pages·2012·3.09 MB·English

by  Josep Ribas

The three climate zones of metropolitan France, as defined by the thermal regulations of 2005.

Bottom-up description of the French building
stock, including archetype buildings and energy
demand
Master’s Degree Thesis for the Sustainable Energy Systems Programme
JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA
Department of Energy and Environment
Division of Energy Technology
CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Göteborg, Sweden, 2012
Report No. T2012-380

REPORT NO. T2012-380

Bottom-up description of the French building stock,
including archetype buildings and energy demand
Master’s Degree Thesis for the Sustainable Energy Systems Programme

JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA

SUPERVISOR
Érika Mata

EXAMINER
Filip Johnsson

Department of Energy and Environment
Division of Energy Technology
CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Göteborg, Sweden, 2012

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Bottom-up description of the French building stock,
including archetype buildings and energy demand
Master’s Degree Thesis for the Sustainable Energy Systems Programme

JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA

© JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA, 2012

Technical report no T2012-380
Department of Energy and Environment
Division of Energy Technology
Chalmers University of Technology
SE-412 96 Göteborg
Sweden
Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000

Cover: The three climate zones in metropolitan France, as defined by the
thermal regulations of 2005 (Cegibat, 2012).

Chalmers ReproService
Göteborg, Sweden 2012

iv
Bottom-up description of the French building stock, including archetype buildings
and energy demand

Thesis for the degree of Masters in Sustainable Energy Systems at Chalmers University
JOSEP MARIA RIBAS PORTELLA
Department of Energy and Environment
Division of Energy Technology
Chalmers University of Technology
Göteborg, Sweden

Abstract
The work of this thesis was undertake to address an urgent need to describe the
European building stock, so as to allow future assessments of the effects of different
energy-saving measures. The available information on building stocks in Europe is very
limited. In this respect, this work contributes to the compilation of a European building
stock database.
The French building stock is described in this thesis by means of archetype buildings,
following a methodology that was developed earlier within the Pathways Project . A
bottom-up approach is used for this description, starting with segmentation of the
building stock into archetype buildings, followed by characterization of these buildings
and quantification of all the buildings represented by the archetype buildings. These
archetype buildings are used as inputs for the Energy, Carbon and Cost Assessment for
Building Stocks (ECCABS) simulation tool, to calculate the energy demand (for heating,
hot water, and electricity) of the stock. The resulting energy demand is thereafter
compared to the values for energy consumption in France, obtained from statistical
databases, to validate the method.
In this thesis, we estimate that 54 residential buildings and 45 non-residential
archetype buildings would be needed to describe the entire French building stock. The
calculated final energy demand (disregarding the energy used for cooking) is 435.7
TWh/year for the residential sector and non-residential 179.4 TWh/year for the non-
residential sector. These values are slightly lower (between 1.1% and 7.4% lower) than
those in the official statistics.
It is concluded that the French building stock can be described using the data available
in the literature and the applied methodology. In addition, it is demonstrated that the
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ECCABS model is suitable for application to a temperate climate country, such as
France.

Keywords: French building stock, reference buildings, bottom-up description, sustainable
energy systems, energy demand, ECCABS, modeling, residential, non-residential

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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my examiner, Professor Filip Johnsson, for giving me the opportunity to
develop this Master’s Degree thesis at Chalmers University of Technology, and thereby
complete the degree of Master in Sustainable Energy Systems.
Special thanks to my supervisor, Erika Mata, who accepted to conduct this thesis by distance,
demonstrating her confidence in me. I thank her for the time that she has dedicated to this
work and to always answering my emails as quickly as possible.
I thank Georgina Medina for valuable advice at the beginning of the thesis.
A big ‘thank you’ to David Pallarés, co-ordinator of my Master’s programme, without whom I
wouldn’t have been able to come to Sweden, and who always helped me when needed.
I also thank my family for their comprehension while I was working on this thesis. Thanks to
the people in Frölunda, Högsbo, and my classmates in the Master’s programme for many
unforgettable moments In Göteborg. Lastly and especially, thanks to my Sandrita…

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Table of contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ v
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ vii
1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Context of the master thesis ............................................................................................... 2
1.3 Aim ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Structure of the report ........................................................................................................ 3
2 Data sources ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 International data bases...................................................................................................... 5
2.2 National institutions ............................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Policies and regulations ..................................................................................................... 10
3 Methodology: ........................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 The ECCABS model ............................................................................................................ 15
3.2 Segmentation of the building stock .................................................................................. 16
3.3 Characterization of the archetype buildings ..................................................................... 22
3.4 Quantification of the French building stock ...................................................................... 42
3.5 Fuels used for heating purposes ....................................................................................... 48
4 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 52
4.1 Results of segmentation for archetype buildings ............................................................. 52
4.2 Results from characterization of the archetype buildings ................................................ 55
4.3 Results of the quantification ............................................................................................. 58
4.4 Results from the ECCABS simulation and validation ......................................................... 58
5 Sensitivity analysis .................................................................................................................... 66
6 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 72
7 Conclusions and further work .................................................................................................. 77
8 References ................................................................................................................................ 79
Annex A : Heated floor area for education ......................................................................... 84
Annex B : Number of people in non-residential buildings .................................................. 89
Annex C : TC values ............................................................................................................. 93
Annex D : Sanitary ventilation rate for health subsector .................................................. 102
Annex E : Calculation of energy consumption in D.O.M. .................................................. 103
Annex F : Number of dwellings in the residential sector .................................................. 104
Annex G : Number of buildings in the residential sector .................................................. 106
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Annex H : Surface of non-residential buildings constructed ............................................. 107
Annex I : Results for characterization of the archetype buildings, residential. ................ 109
Annex J : Results for characterization of the archetype buildings, non-residential ......... 111
Annex K: Number of buildings in the non-residential sector ............................................ 113
Annex L : Final energy consumption investigation for the residential sector ................... 114
Annex M : Calculationof non-residential sector energy consumption ............................. 115
Annex N : Energy consumption for cooking in non-residentialnon-residential buildings 116

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1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Over the past two decades, there has been growing concern globally regarding the high-level
usage of energy in developed countries, and the associated effects in terms of climate change,
scarcity of resources etc.
Among the possible strategies to reduce energy usage, and concomitantly the levels of CO
2
emissions, improvements in energy efficiency within the building sector is under investigation,
as this sector is among the highest energy consumers and CO emitters. In fact, in the EU-27
2
countries in 2009, the building sector accounted for 39% of the final energy consumption
(Eurostat, 2009). Specifically, the building sector in France accounted for 44% of the final
energy consumption (Figure 1.1) and 23% of the national CO emissions in 2009 (ADEME,
2
2011). Since more than half of the French buildings are considered to be old (i.e., built before
1975) and therefore of low efficiency (ADEME, 2011), there is strong potential for energy
efficiency improvements that would lead to a decrease in an important proportion of the total
energy consumption in Europe. The building stock in France accounted for 17% of the energy
consumed in this sector in 2009 in the EU-15 countries (Eurostat, 2009), representing the
second largest consumer after Germany.
Energy savings can be substantial when appropriate energy saving measures are applied.
Efforts have been undertaken to reduce energy consumption in buildings in France. The first
thermal regulations of 1975 in France had the stated objective of decreasing energy
consumption. As a result, consumption was reduced from 325 kWh/m2 in 1973 to 181 kWh/m2
in 1998, thanks to the refurbishment of all buildings and the introduction of strict technical
regulations for new buildings (Balaras, 2004).

Figure 1.1: Final energy consumption in France by sector. Values shown are tonne of oil
equivalents (tonne-equivalent petrol, tep) (ADEME, Les chiffres clés du bâtiment, 2011). Key to
color coding: non-energy purposes, pink; transportation, yellow; agriculture, green; residential
and non-residential, clear blue; industry with exception of iron metallurgy, orange; and iron
metallurgy, dark blue.
1