Table Of ContentSri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected]
Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected]
Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected]
JaniceGlimn-Lacy PeterB.Kaufman
6810ShadowBrookCourt DepartmentofMolecular,Cellular,and
Indianapolis,IN46214-1901 DevelopmentalBiology
USA UniversityofMichigan
[email protected] AnnArbor,MI48109-1048
USA
[email protected]
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005935289
ISBN-10:0-387-28870-8 eISBN:0-387-28875-9
ISBN-13:978-0387-28870-3
Printedonacid-freepaper.
(cid:1)C 2006JaniceGlimn-LacyandPeterB.Kaufman
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer
Science+BusinessMedia,Inc.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarly
analysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.
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asanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.
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Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected]
Preface
Thisisadiscoverybookaboutplants.Itisforeveryone For those interested in the methods used and the
interested in plants including high school and college/ sourcesofplantmaterialsintheillustrations,anexpla-
university students, artists and scientific illustrators, nationfollows.Foradevelopmentalseriesofdrawings,
senior citizens, wildlife biologists, ecologists, profes- there are several methods. One is collecting several
sionalbiologists,horticulturistsandlandscapedesign- specimens at one time in different stages of develop-
ers/architects,engineersandmedicalpractitioners,and ment;forexample,severalbudsandflowersofaplant
physicaltherapistsandtheirpatients.Hereisanoppor- (see29)andbuttontomatureformsofmushrooms(see
tunitytobrowseandchoosesubjectsofpersonalinter- 50,51).Then,somearecutopentoobservepartsand
est,toseeandlearnaboutplantsastheyaredescribed. decidehowtopresentthem,whileothersaretousefor
By adding color to the drawings, plant structures be- finaldrawings.Anothermethodiswaitingfortheplantto
come more apparent and show how they function in change,whichinvolves“forcing”stems(see14),germi-
life.Thecolorcodecluestellhowtocolorfordefinition nating seeds (see 40), watching one leaf expand (see
andanillusionofdepth.Formoreinformation,thetext 69),anddrawingaflowerinoneseasonanditsmature
explains the illustrations. The size of the drawings in fruitinanother(see104,109,110,111).Analternative
relation to the true size of the structures is indicated towaitingforfruitistouseacollectionofdryorfrozen
by × 1 (the same size) to × 3000 (enlargement from specimens, so that as spring flowers appear, the later
truesize)and×n/n(reductionfromtruesize). maturingfruitscanbeseenatthesametime(see102,
105,106).
The contents reflect a balanced selection of botani-
cal subject matter with emphasis on flowering plants, Inthefirstsection,introductiontoplants,therearesev-
the dominant plants of the earth. After a page about eral sources for various types of drawings. Hypothet-
plant names and terms, the book is divided into three ical diagrams show cells, organelles, chromosomes,
sections. The first is an introduction to plants, show- the plant body indicating tissue systems and experi-
ing structure and function; then, major groups, provid- ments with plants, and flower placentation and repro-
ing an overview of the diverse forms; and lastly, one- ductivestructures.Forexample,thereisnoaverageor
seventh of the flowering plant families, with the accent standard-looking flower; so, to clearly show the parts
onthoseofeconomicimportance.Thesequenceinthe of a flower (see 27), a diagram shows a stretched out
sectionsissimpletocomplex(celltoseed),primitiveto and exaggerated version of a pink (Dianthus) flower
advanced(blue-greenstofloweringplants),andunspe- (see 87). A basswood (Tilia) flower is the basis for
cializedtospecialized(magnoliastoastersandwater- diagrams of flower types and ovary positions (see
plantains to orchids). Where appropriate, an “of inter- 28). Another source for drawings is the use of pre-
est” paragraph lists ways these genera are relevant in pared microscope slides of actual plant tissues. Some
ourlives(categoriesincludeuseasfood,ornamentals, are traced from microscope slide photographs such
lumber,medicines,herbs,dyes,fertilizers;noticeofwild as cross-sections, vascular bundles, and transections.
or poisonous; and importance in the ecosystem). “Of Scanning and transmission electron micrographs are
interest”sectionsinBotanyIllustrated,secondedition, tracedforchloroplasts,amyloplasts,trichomes,intern-
have been expanded to include many more topics of odes,andpollengrains.Preservedmuseumspecimens
interest. providethesourceforanimalsinthepollinationseries.
The remainder of the drawings are from actual plants
Evolutionary relationships and the classification of foundinnature,thegrocerystore,plantnurseries,farm
plantshavebeenundergoingmanychangesinthepast fields, botanical gardens, florist shops, and suburban
twodecadessincethefirstedition.Inthiseditioncontro- yards.
versial categories have been eliminated allowing indi-
vidualstobeexposedtocurrentthinkingonplantclas- Inthemajorgroupssection,threepageshavehypothet-
sification. Classification from this second edition may ical diagrams, indicated in the captions. Other micro-
befoundintheIndexunder“FungiKingdom”and“Plant scopicformsarefromobservationsoflivingmaterialor
Kingdom.”Pagesonbacteriahavebeeneliminatedand preparedmicroscopeslides.Forplantsnotlocallyavail-
two new pages on plant fossils, with accompanying il- able,dry-pressedherbariumspecimensaremeasured
lustrations,havebeenadded.Everytextpagehasun- fordrawings(Stylites,Helminthostachys,Gnetum,and
dergoneextensiverevision. Ephedra)ormachine-copiedandtraced(habitdrawings
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of filamentous algae) or chemically revived to three For the flowering plant families section, except for two
dimensions (bryophytes) for drawing with the use of indicateddiagramsinthegrassfamily,allthedrawings
a dissecting microscope. Drawings are also made arefromactualplantsgleanedfromfields,forests,road-
from liquid-preserved specimens (Tmesipteris habit, sideditches,bogs,neighbors’yards,botanicalconser-
Welwitschia and Ginkgo reproductive structures). For vatories,floristshops,grocerystores,andourgardens.
the majority of this section’s drawings (including Wel- Thebumblebeearrivedofitsownaccord.
witschiahabit),livingorganismsareused.
JaniceGlimn-Lacy
PeterB.Kaufman
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Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected]
Color Code Clues
The illustrations may be colored by using the easy-to- and as muted and less distinct when distant. Accord-
follow Color Code. Each drawing has lines from struc- ingly, by the use of bright shades of colors for fore-
turestoletters,duplicatedintheColorCode.Allstruc- ground structures and muted shades for background
tures similar to the one with a line and letter are the structures, your colored pictures will appear more 3-
samecolor;forexample,onlyoneoffivepetalsmaybe dimensional.Darkershadesofacoloronthedot-and-
identified.Coloredpencilsarerecommendedforpleas- lineshadowareaswilladdtotheeffect.
ing results. My personal preference is Berol Prisma-
color pencils. The colors needed are 2 shades of red, Toavoidhavingagreenbook,theillustrationoffoliage
green, and blue, and 1 each of orange, yellow, pink, has been kept to a minimum with an abundant vari-
purple, brown, and black. Sometimes the Color Code etyofcolorsindicatedthroughout.Intheintroductionto
listsdoublecolorssuchasyellow-green,red-brown,or plantssection,thereisuniformityofadesignatedcolor.
purple-green.Colorthesameareawithalighttouchof Forexample,water-conductingtissueandcells(xylem)
both colors for the closest resemblance to the plant’s arealwayscolor-codedblue,sothatasyoulookatyour
naturalcolor.Ablackpencilusedlightlyprovidesagray coloredpages,youseehowwatermoveswithinaplant.
color. White is to remain blank. Using pink over light Forenlargedflowerdrawingsinthefloweringplantfam-
purple results in a lavender color. So as not to color iliessection,truecolorsofflowerpartsareindicatedin
areas that are to remain white or have small areas of theColorCode.Dottedlinesindicatewherestructures
color,followtheorderlistedintheColorCodeforanin- have been cut, show “see-through” areas, or separate
dividualdrawing.Letters,missingfromtheColorCode, color areas. Some lines are close together, others are
are in the text. They usually indicate structures shown singlelinestocolor,butacoloroverlapofthelineswill
asblackoutlinesorcolorlessareas. notdetractfromtheover-allresult.
When drawing a 3-dimensional object, scientific illus- Begin with the first page, which explains the names
tratorstraditionallyuseanupper-leftlightsourceonthe used, then choose any page that strikes your interest.
object, which casts shadows on the lower right. Con- If a flowering plant structure is new to you, it would be
verting those shadows into ink dots (stipple) and lines mosthelpfultolookoverthestructureofthestem(14),
(hatch)withinthedrawingoutlinecreatesanillusionof leaf (21, 23), flower (27, 28), and fruit types (38, 39).
depth. Another aid to realism in black-and-white draw- Then, you will be ready to explore. Some discoveries
ings is to show foreground structures as darker and are seeing how an apple flower matures into an apple
larger than background ones. Obvious examples us- (see 99), finding that grape flowers have flip-top petal
ingthistechniquearethepitcher-plantleaves(see91) caps(see104),andlearningthatinsideacommongar-
and the iris flower and leaves (see 129). We see col- densageflowerisamechanical“arm”forstickingpollen
ored objects as brighter and more distinct when near onvisitingbees(see113).
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Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected]
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the following colleagues of The Uni- Weatherbee, and Catherine Webley. Also, we wish to
versity of Michigan for their contribution and review of thankDr.PeterCarson,Dr.TomasCarlson,Dr.Michael
specifictopics:Dr.JosephBeitel,lycopods;Dr.Michael Christianson, Dr. Michael Evans, Dr. Jack Fisher, and
Carleton,bats;Dr.AllenFife,lichens;Dr.MichaelHuft, Dr.JamesWells.
euphorbs; Dr. Thomas Rosatti, heaths; Dr. Ann Sakai,
maples;Dr.AlanSimon,birds;Dr.Wm.WaytThomas, For reviewing the text format and page design, read-
sedges; Dr. Kerry S. Walter, orchids. Also, we would ing and coloring sample pages, and suggesting many
liketothankthefollowingUniversityofMichiganBotany helpful changes, we thank the 80 beginning biology
Faculty in the Department of Botany (now, Depart- students of James Lenic and James Potoczak of the
mentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiologyandDepart- West High School, Garden City, Michigan, 1980, and
ment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biol- the93practicalbotanystudentsofDr.EricSteiner,Dr.
ogy);Dr.HowardCrum,bryophytes;Dr.HarryDouthit, Kit Streusand, Dr. Lucinda Thompson, Dr. Gay Troth,
bacteria;Dr.RobertShaffer,fungi;Dr.WilliamR.Taylor, and Dr. James Winsor of the University of Michigan.
algae;Dr.EdwardG.Voss,grasses;andDr.WarrenH. From the School of Art and Design at The University
Wagner, Jr., ferns, plus access to his extensive plant ofMichigan,weareindebtedtoDouglasHesseltinefor
collections;thestaffsoftheUniversityHerbarium,Mu- bookdesignsuggestions,toDuaneOvermyerfortypog-
seum of Natural History and University Science Li- raphylessons,andWilliamL.Brudonasbothinstructor
brary for advice, loans of resource materials, use of ofbiologicalillustrationandasanadvisorandfriend.
microscopes,booksandotherprintedmaterials.Dr.P.
Dayananadanwasespeciallygenerouswithhisexcel- Belatedly,wewishtogratefullythankoureditoratVan
lent scanning electron micrographs. For assistance in Nostrand & Reinhold, Susan Munger, for the first edi-
obtainingrareandout-of-seasonlivingplants,wethank tion.Nowwiththepublicationofthesecondedition,we
William Collins, Jane LaRue, and Patricia Pachuta of wishtowholeheartedlythankoureditorsJaccoFlipsen,
theUniversityofMichiganMatthaeiBotanicalGardens. KeriWitman,andShoshanaSternlichtatSpringer.Also,
We also thank Dr. David Darby of the University of manythankstoRobertMagedandhisSpringerproduc-
Minnesotaforhisreviewofgeologicalinformation.For tionstaff.
palms,wethankDr.AckermanoftheGarfieldConser-
vatory,Chicago.Forlocatingregionalplants,weappre- Lastly, we express our special appreciation to our
ciate the assistance of Robert Anderson, Patricia and families—Jack, John, and Jim Lacy and Hazel, Linda,
Terrance Glimn, Marie Mack, Lorraine Peppin, Ellen andLauraKaufman.
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Contents
v Preface
vii ColorCodeClues
ix Acknowledgements
IntroductiontoPlants
1 NamesandTerms
2 CellStructure
3 CellOrganelles
4 CellPigments
5 Cell—WaterMovement
6 CellChromosomes
7 Cell—Mitosis
8 CellTypes
9 TissueSystemsofthePlantBody
10 Tissue—Epidermis
11 Tissue—PrimaryVascularSystem
12 RootTypesandModifications
13 RootTissues
14 StemStructure
15 StemTissues
16 StemModifications
17 Stem—WaterTransport
18 Stem—FoodTransport
19 Stem—ApicalDominance
20 Stem—GrowthMovements
21 LeafTypesandArrangement
22 LeafTissues
23 LeafModifications
24 Leaf—Photosynthesis
25 Leaf—NutrientDeficiencySymptoms
26 FlowerInitiationinResponsetoDaylength
27 FlowerStructure
28 FlowerStructureVariations
29 FlowerDevelopment
30 Flower—Meiosis
31 Flower—PollenDevelopment
32 Flower—OvuleDevelopment
33 FlowerPollinationbyInsects
34 FlowerPollinationbyInsects(continued)
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