Table Of Contentwa
BOOTSTRAPPING
Coevolution, and the Origins
of Parounal Computing
B Tissook swan albus
esate
Pra
Intrtstion: oops Prgeban's Crea fr the
ujrutte of Ha Feliu
Tamgunge athe nly
The Chori Keyset aul he QUEERTY Kephonrd
Tha fen othe Mine
Aneta the ira het
SRC aa i hin Sys
“The Arrival ols Re! User ad th Binns Fo
01 Mise and Min: ARPANET, Rane snd eo
Ca Wane Howl and Meany Can Mees gam
Appenden: Prsomaa as Feller SRT Sab
Niser
Birks Coed
Sir
Fuglbarch Doreeyal ol he H-LAMIT Spe
Engebates Chon’ Keysat
Cok and Washout’ FeeNeedle Tees, +57
Fransits Machine, 467
The Sholes, Cuidlen, and Souié Machine to
Huphers Tyo P ining Tega
Joba Pacts Typewree
The Shaka un den Machin rs
The Reinga ShifeKey Typewritce
Mes, Fuoat View
‘Memes Twin Soe
The Whilwiad Ligh Gan
The RAND Tabiee
A Mathematical Repression ofthe Lagat
‘Masel lhstation
The Opoatiog Principe athe Planimeter
lateation for ths Origen Patea of ths Mouse
The De—CogutieSeiones iow of te faueséace
The Msstal-Models View of the laectise
A Simple Model the Unsrice,c8.49 88
The Kis Chai
Front Viow ol an Early Thete-Rutan Mouse
x Matte
set. The Special Dovices Chaanal us
srt. Ths Hesmaa Miler NLS Console us
61. ‘The Netwars That Deselozed che ersnal rence 450
fs, Tae Fix Machine 31
65. Tae Original Doskisp, x98 144
or, Tre Gane othe Peron Interface 8
1 payes f patos fallow page x42
Fated of arn fam dhe radon a the chm a a ee Fro ie
species whch ear amtahl sty tr define nea resin she
swore of hs nd om pecy, 2 Rater ine the ares eer
th rer then tae ws an dere ce individ an ee sey a
thecechoea obs he rch! by i rt thar eng, en hee ae,
bet hae huh rar
eciemuiy crater ns Baomade Presence ds ete tcbmigaee
low di the etcatrs ol parnaal compote technilogy chsision toxe who
would oi? How dl they yore Teture a ones within there
sevice? Who echnical uptions were inci, or exeladed, om the bande
tears auto soe, aul apiations the san ol hens nepreatan
hr hove tell die Bom up The wala anal wise ary ace
eal imuoaeors shaped dhe ay une negra prowiday onter elo
thie otk?
“Tivundrstand ths ansavers these qussions a i un, the tig
persnual costing ie navetsry to hop by udstacaangthe ostcibue
ans of Douglas Eayctbun snd Laeconceens ‘a otvated them Fantoutand
rescued anny Is pees, Fuge: 3s 698 ul eon winuslestondatd ped
hj anchnows vompnic Rtests, Tick eae ec his ahd
Pood Jor ae sake ola ane nay oF tu esa spot ln Du glen Engel
inh pasthory nf the suraputer vuln, but abo asine scan eet
rns tates sys in the deve iin aa ellos ol
{ing ecto ol the wat’ aoey: he ema
‘This bk ie ane fot nates nadine and avers ileren exe
tations aecondingl ase ype loader wil Gd ia tbe book seule histxi=
tal enue ste gi ol pron amoung a a debe aeoun1 3
Engetban’s assuage at is aby the Auginentstiva Rese Cees
tbs Siaaloed Reseeth Tuas. Forti historia’ inated #eode, Ce iet-
fst he hk il ts nna albania se ahov dhe advent
sa gitcance af he ARC Lboreony ti wi go urces chau the pebished
seesions, wbich are generally charactelze by a lack of dorcel focus. te
shows how and why a sgoicane pat of whar defines Life as we now i> ic
ng
A scaoud type ot cease will consider the book ag an comtinton fom
fing debats'nsocoiogy’of scence and eecbnolegy ar communication. For
Us schotatyceade, che steagih and value of be nok als wl dei he
say ths cane uy i cutie gu edt vo cat 9 no light, bas on aU
foued wakicisciplicary porspetve. on >be sociology of cicace and canal
ogy. Harte comuaunicatons sshela, da book is ifontoed by the cure
debates on cs uaure of samoucacion echaologise and susieaces and pr
posse inzowariesegueten to atswos the funda question af he rl
osshipsorvcen tchuslogy and use
The rezsasc reported in chis book ante, oddly enough wich a tesott forthe
Unieed Waions Food and Agricultural Organcuton ‘Reger, Budi, and
Sigal .e921- helped Dr. Byereu ML. Regs adsie cis insintior abe be
potcecal uses of crocompsates inthe South. I eesolred in more questions
fod furaioae cba saewers, ad expocly a abe cxocial cues wh fs
4 miccocompurer?
ery Winogead 13990. 4331 once said eux “we may smecines forge how
now ical... Noro long ago, cheze were ust a fw odd pscholagists cou-
fcaned wich toma factocs” ssbo buppered co study how people used stio~
putes.” How new indeed: most cursemt personal computer nse donot real-
ize cha they have mous covmpute pater a ae. Sngrcps dam NASA bad
send a wan oo che mees. nc the companne ecology is ne, Winognad
isrighe ro sap thae che inevest fo ts honian uses i even newer
The zll for a beree undzestandiag of the "bunzan side of the computing
teclology.” however, bas beeu rade epexedy sce the and-r089%. Joo
auban Grudn, for instance, noted chat tbe eBectivenes of consumers "as
ageuts inthe world willincrease aa step wich aie poate underscang fs
For ther scason, work to develop av undotstanding of seople wl resain the
‘oj heart of the computers developmout. 1c he engine of change” (2920,
byl My wodkipeends co develop such "an underandng of people” i oo
boston o comptes: nor an nudestanding of he coguiive ad physialpro-
esac of the ivkinl was, bur rdher sn underseningof were a collective
feuds emerging exrough ae. Ie focaseson tae story of che forms gency
in the hurcan-conspuretintersction from. 9 sociolegs: perspec, Iie ge-
beslag ofthe hasten-comperineface.
‘he erie nono. of en nerfse cont from she Grek prasigom, a "ice
lacing anocaes face” ci 1993, 781, Ihe sverpersonal and wavnedited
frosnpo desig he lite neds Abe espa eran he dss a
4 wanspacen, utinusve medium. th conater-nediated assnanicaion,
the inatace bas stogieeisely emuiged as © lutdssnetal bution. Michael
DBeiwusns ona: noted chat “whe computers lst appoared, inputoutpat
omauuls were mina altcibougbs to obese, ollon wel-afed 2nd
occasionally prteaiosprogsaunaing languages. Toda. dhe corunands a:
apy ever zo sore ol programming stn! nateustions” (4990 Ufo
faa Crain aclied chat th toc ase intelace” fz “wsclulogily
‘ented anda in ths engictig perapctve dat pa isch eos accioo,
“eae equation ofthe ‘ues intelace” to anes dod 1 eices E948, 0.
isa, tha “wer steric’ denoces che computer exteface tothe nser
sed the nsers steace tthe computer (2993, 142, 125, cxplasis in tae
igi
Ta this book, El atthe eamescons uf ths pessoal oputse atsfas
both senses or jus a che emergence ofa technology independent of chose
wa develop and those whe ave thought of a usiag it. The slow aad some
une pains process of itnpising ube pessoal sormpute? was DL jus 2 PLo-
«css of echzolog:ca:innataion, independent of uses and airs, 36 tnd 1 50
the aot ia che biaoris accounts ofthe developmvur ofthe cour Lots
incepcon, asthe cars” of Doug's Engelhar shoes. ths dvelaparen of te
petsnaal cuzpatcratrface wet a wcunolegy hy aad about 20.
To mors uadinasal accouus, tke computer i is: a batch- processing a
hae, an iaformating processing device dha peacsess data, usualy coded i
prunes ctds, i buge batches. In a second phase, caropucing vas i abares
fuznng users cab nu specific on oe ae consuter sinmleabeoh
tia dite phase. cach use aas access roa dovored staadalone machiae chat
sis on kis or ie desktop. Aud daly, che stand-aloue wokstanens of the pre-
ous phase ate cosnected ino a nerve
‘ch a way co deere dhe eeolutiou of couputng focus om ths speci
‘aaraceriscs of he computer ara sco ce ard uslly pars che cmphsis
‘ot tchologicalinaovation that allowed the passage fon: ans phase co dae
bext ds de-aaring operating syst, fo example. he deskrop metaphor af
ths bamancompute ite‘ace,o7 packet swsbing newweuk technologies.
“While hese inarwtinge obviously coanibuted gress eo shaping the Riszacy
of computing, the dynanic of porsoralizacon tae chatacrevzes de evolaues
cf somntig sinc abe Le rosa played au equal niporcntrle (desexse
ths poogcesise contusion ob ube asst at a pesto ot, what sonnet
stented co the sane caing how the enmpurcreveurall gota persona.
Thecsatot of persons compunse eeiology linked tii ono 9 ide-
lags rpeseataions tha esstued and justified thee dergns. Those ve
sions have Sacoms esl, Lteneasumpions to He aer-day users of the
