Book (Ancient + Medieval + Modern History).indb

80 Pages·2017·3 MB·Hindi

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
,oa
jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl
641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009
nwjHkk"k% 011-47532596, 87501 87501
Website:
www.drishtipublications.com, www.drishtiias.com
E-mail :
[email protected]
çFke laLdj.k& vxLr 2017
ewY; % ` 340
izdk'kd
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl]
(A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)
641] izFke ry]
MkW- eq[kthZ uxj]
fnYyh&110009
fofèkd ?kks"k.kk,¡
 bl iqLrd eas izdkf'kr lwpuk,¡] lekpkj] Kku ,oa rF; iwjh rjg ls lR;kfir fd;s x, gSaA fiQj Hkh] ;fn dksbZ
tkudkjh ;k rF; xyr izdkf'kr gks x;k gks rks izdk'kd] laiknd ;k eqnzd mlls fdlh O;fDr&fo'ks"k ;k laLFkk
dks igq¡ph {kfr ds fy;s f”kEesnkj ugha gSA
 ge fo'okl djrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa Nih lkexzh ys[kdksa }kjk ekSfyd :i ls fy[kh xbZ gSA vxj dkWihjkbV
mYya?ku dk dksbZ ekeyk lkeus vkrk gS rks izdk'kd dks f”kEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA
 lHkh fooknksa dk fuiVkjk fnYyh U;kf;d {ks=k esa gksxkA
 © dkWihjkbV% n`f"V ifCyds'kUl (A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)] lokZfèkdkj lqjf{krA bl izdk'ku
ds fdlh Hkh va'k dk izdk'ku vFkok mi;ksx] izfrfyihdj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukUrj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fofèk ls (bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi]
fjdkWfM±x ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls) izdk'kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
 ,e-ih- fizaVlZ] ch&220] isQ”k&2] uks,Mk (mÙkj izns'k) ls eqfnzrA
nks 'kCn
fç; ikBdks]
vkids le{k ^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu* ds :i esa ‘Quick Book’ Ük`a[kyk dh rhljh dM+h çLrqr djrs gq, gesa
vikj g"kZ dk vuqHko gks jgk gSA ^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu* ls lacafèkr bl iqLrd dks la?k ,oa jkT; yksd lsok
vk;ksxksa lfgr fofHkUu ,dfnolh; çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fuèkkZfjr ikB~;Øeksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[kk x;k gSA gesa iwjk fo'okl
gS fd bfrgkl ds rhu [kaMksa (çkphu Hkkjr] eè;dkyhu Hkkjr vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjr) esa foHkkftr bl iqLrd esa ftl rjg ls
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] bXuw] ,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- dh iqLrdksa lfgr ljdkjh osclkbVksa ds ewy rF;ksa vkSj fo'ys"k.kksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k
g]S og u fliQZ vH;fFk;Z k as dh liQyrk e as ^ehy dk iRFkj* lkfcr gkxs k] cfYd ftKkl q ikBdk as dh Kku&fiiklk dk s Hkh rI`r djsxkA
fofHkUu çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs tkus okys lkekU; vè;;u ds ç'ui=kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij geus ;g ik;k fd bfrgkl
ds rhuksa [kaMksa ls gh lcls vfèkd ç'u iwNs tkrs gSaA vr% ;g dgus esa la'k; ugha gS fd liQyrk ds fy;s ^bfrgkl* fo"k; dks
u”kjvank”k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lp rks ;g gS fd bl fo"k; dh lVhd rS;kjh ds fcuk ,dfnolh; ijh{kkvksa esa liQyrk çkIr
djuk yxHkx vlaHko gSA
vc loky ;g mBrk gS fd tc bfrgkl ls lacafèkr ikB~;&lkexzh dh ck”kkj esa dksbZ deh ugha gS rks fiQj ,dfnolh;
ijh{kkvksa esa fganh ekè;e ds ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh liQyrk nj bruh U;wu D;ksa gS\ gekjh Vhe }kjk fd;s x, 'kksèk esa geus ;g ik;k
fd ck”kkj esa bfrgkl dh ftruh Hkh iqLrdsa gSa] muesa ls vfèkdrj ijaijkxr ikB~;Øeksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[kh xbZ gSaA lkFk
gh] dbZ iqLrdksa esa nh xbZ tkudkfj;k¡ Hkzked Hkh gSaA oqQN ekud iqLrdksas esa lgh tkudkjh gS Hkh rks mudh Hkk"kk vR;ar fDy"V
gSA ,slk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd çpfyr iqLrdksa esa Hkk"kkxr v'kqf¼;ksa dh Hkjekj gS tks fganh ekè;e ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
liQyrk ds jkLrs esa ,d xaHkhj ckèkk gSA bUgha dkj.kksa ls ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa esa fo"k; dh lgh le> fodflr ugha gks ikrhA fu%lansg
bl fygk”k ls ck”kkj esa fcd jgh ;s iqLrdsa ijh{kksi;ksxh ugha gSaA
mi;qZDr leL;kvksa ds lekèkku dk ladYi ^n`f"V Vhe* us fy;kA bfrgkl tSls foLr`r fo"k; dks yxHkx 330 i`"Bksa esa lesV
ikuk nqLlkè; Fkk] ysfdu gekjh Vhe us bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj fd;k vkSj yxHkx 8 eghuksa ds vFkd ifjJe ls bl dk;Z dks
liQyrkiwoZd vatke fn;kA ge fo'okl ds lkFk dg ldrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa nh xbZ tkudkjh vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ^xkxj esa
lkxj* ds leku gSA iqLrd fy[kus ds nkSjku gekjh Vhe ds lnL;ksa ds chp dbZ rF;ksa dks ysdj oqQN ekud iqLrdksa esa nh xbZ
Hkzked tkudkjh ds dkj.k oSpkfjd erHksn Hkh jgs] ysfdu varr% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk çekf.kr iqLrdksa dks vkèkkj cukdj mu
erHksnksa dks foosdiwoZd lqy>k fy;k x;kA iqLrd esa bfrgkl ls lacafèkr ?kVukvksa o mudh frfFk;ksa dks ,d&nwljs ls varl±cafèkr
djds bl rjg ls fy[kk x;k gS fd iqLrd cksf>y u eglwl gks] cfYd #fpdj yxsA Hkk"kk ds Lrj ij bl ckr dk [kkl è;ku
j[kk x;k gS fd =kqfV;k¡ ux.; gksaA lkFk gh] ftruk è;ku bl ckr dk j[kk x;k gS fd fo"k; lacaèkh fdlh egÙoiw.kZ rF; ls
vki vufHkK u jg tk,¡] mlls dgha ”;knk è;ku bl ckr dk j[kk x;k gS fd dksbZ vuqi;ksxh tkudkjh vkidk le; O;FkZ u
djsA iqLrd esa la?k lfgr fofHkUu jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa esa iwNs x, ç'uksa dk ladyu Hkh fd;k x;k gS rkfd vkidks ;g Kkr
gks lds fd fofHkUu vk;ksxksa esa vè;k; lacaèkh fdl çÑfr ds ç'u iwNs tkrs gSa] ftlls vkidh rS;kjh ds lkFk lgh ekxZn'kZu
Hkh gksrk jgs o vki viuh tkudkjh dk LoewY;kadu Hkh dj ldsaA gesa iwjk fo'okl gS fd ;g iqLrd vkidh rS;kjh esa ojnku
lkfcr gksxhA
gesa Hkjkslk gS fd ^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu* ds lkFk ‘Quick Book’ Ük`a[kyk dh vkus okyh vU; iqLrdsa Hkh
vkidh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrjsaxhA esjk fuosnu gS fd vki bu iqLrdksa dks ikBd ds lkFk&lkFk vkykspd dh u”kj ls Hkh i<+saA
vxj vkidks dksbZ Hkh deh fn[ks rks csf>>d 8130392355 uacj ij okV~l,i eSlst ls Hkst nsaA vkidh fVIif.k;ksa vkSj
lq>koksa ds vkèkkj ij gh ge bu iqLrdksa dks vkSj izkekf.kd cuk ldsaxsA
lkHkkj]
izèkku laiknd
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl
vuqØe
18. lwQh ,oa HkfDr vkanksyu .................................. 148-154
[kaM&1: izkphu Hkkjr
19. eqxy dky ...................................................... 155-195
1. izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr 20. ejkBk lkezkT; ................................................ 196-201
,oa çkxSfrgkfld dky ........................................... 1-10
21. fofo/k .............................................................. 202-204
2. fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ................................................ 11-15
3. oSfnd lH;rk ....................................................... 16-22 [kaM&3: vk/kqfud Hkkjr
4. NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ dk Hkkjr ............................. 23-27
5. izkphu Hkkjr ij fons'kh vkØe.k .......................... 28-30 22. 18oha 'krkCnh esa LFkkfir uohu Lok;Ùk jkT; ..... 205-211
23. Hkkjr esa ;wjksih;ksa dk vkxeu ........................... 212-216
6. izkphu Hkkjr esa /kk£ed vkanksyu .......................... 31-42
24. vaxzst+ksa dh Hkkjr fot; ..................................... 217-226
7. ekS;Z lkezkT; (322 bZ-iw-&185 bZ-iw-) .................... 43-52
25. Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kfDr dk foLrkj ...................... 227-231
8. ekS;ksZÙkj dky ....................................................... 53-60
26. Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kkldksa dh vk£Fkd uhfr
9. xqIr lkezkT; ....................................................... 61-69
,oa mldk izHkko ................................................ 232-239
10. xqIrksÙkj dky@iwoZ eè;dky ................................. 70-80
27. 1857 dk fonzksg ................................................. 240-245
11. laxe dky .......................................................... 81-86
28. izeq[k Hkkjrh; foæksg ......................................... 246-252
12. izkphu Hkkjr ds fofo/k igyw ................................. 87-92
29. fczfV'k Hkkjr esa lkekftd&/kk£ed
lq/kkj vkanksyu ...................................................253-260
[kaM&2: eè;dkyhu Hkkjr
30. Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd psruk dk fodkl ................ 261-267
13. eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr ................... 93-99 31. dkWUxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ ....268-270
14. vjcksa }kjk fla/k dh fot; ............................... 100-103 32. jk"Vªh; vkanksyu (1885&1947 bZ-) ..................... 271-308
15. rqdks± ds vkØe.k ls iwoZ Hkkjrh; jktoa'k .......... 104-108 33. Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy rFkk ok;ljk; .............. 309-317
16. rqdks± dk vkØe.k ............................................. 109-111 34. Hkkjr esa laoSèkkfud fodkl ................................ 318-322
17. fnYyh lYrur (1206&1526 bZ-) ..................... 112-147 35. fofo/k ............................................................... 323-332
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr ,oa çkxSfrgkfld dky Quick Book
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izkphu Hkkjr
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1
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr ,oa çkxSfrgkfld dky
(The Sources of Ancient Indian History
and Prehistoric Period)
Hkwfedk iqjkrkfÙod lzksr
vfHkys[k
bfrgkl vrhr esa fd;s x, ekuo&iz;kl dh vkuqØfed dFkk gSA
bfrgkl ds vko';d vax gSa& vrhr] lH; ;qx] ekuo&iz;kl vkSj  ikzphu Hkkjr d s vfèkdk'a k vfHky[s k ik"kk.k f'kykvk]as LrHa kk]as rkeiz =kk]as
?kVukvksa dk vkuqØfed izlkjA ^orZeku* tks vHkh thfor gS] bfrgkl nhokjksa rFkk izfrekvksa ij mRdh.kZ gSaA
dk fo"k; ugha gSA ;|fi og 'kh?kz vrhr gksdj mldk vax gks tk,xkA  lcls izkphu vfHkys[kksa esa eè; ,f'k;k ds cksxtdksbZ ls izkIr
?kVuk tks laiUu gks pqdh& pkgs vHkh] pkgs lglzkfCn;ksa iwoZ] bfrgkl vfHkys[k gSaA bl ij oSfnd nsork&fe=k] o#.k] banz vkSj uklR; ds
dk vax gks tkrh gSA bfrgkl foxr ?kVukvksa dk fparu djrk gSA tc uke feyr s gAaS bul s ÍXons dh frfFk Kkr dju s e as enn feyrh gSA
ge ,sfrgkfld Øe esa ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu djrs gSa rc mUgsa dky&izlkj
 Hkkjr esa lcls izkphu vfHkys[k v'kksd ds gSa tks 300 bZ- iw- ds
esa forfjr djrs gSa vkSj tc HkkSxksfyd Øe ls budk mYys[k djrs gSa
yxHkx gSaA Mh-vkj- HkaMkjdj uked fo}ku us dsoy vfHkys[kksa ds
rc mUgsa LFkkukuqlkj j[krs gSaA bfrgkl vkSj Hkwxksy nksuksa dkj.k vkSj
vkèkkj ij gh v'kkds dk bfrgkl fy[ku s dk liQy i;z kl fd;k gSA
ifj.kke ds lkFk ?kVukvksa dh frfFk vkSj LFkku dks O;oLFkk iznku djrs
 v'kksd ds vfHkys[k czkãh] [kjks"Bh] ;wukuh rFkk vjekbd fyfi;ksa
gSaA vr% fujUrjrk o ifjorZuh;rk dk lelkef;d fo'ys"k.k gh bfrgkl
esa feys gSaA
gSA bfrgkl gekjh vkSj gekjs lekt dh n'kk o fn'kk dk fu/kZj.k
 ekLdh] xqtZjk] fuV~Vwj ,oa mnsxksye ls izkIr vfHkys[kksa esa v'kksd
djrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; dks lqjf{kr cukus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
ds uke dk Li"V mYys[k gS rFkk vU; vfHkys[kksa esa mls ^nsokukafi;
izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ekuo lH;rk ds ml le; dk bfrgkl
fi;nfl* (nsoksa dk I;kjk) dgk x;k gSA
gS] tc og vius fuekZ.k dh voLFkk esa FkkA fo'kky ioZrekykvksa vkSj
 loZizFke 1837 bZ- esa tsEl fizalsi us czkãh fyfi esa fyf[kr v'kksd
ufn;ksa dh Hkwfedk izkphu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ds fuekZ.k esa cgqr egÙoiw.kZ
ds vfHkys[k dks i<+k FkkA
jgh gSA orZeku ekuo dk Lo:i Øfed fodkl dk ifj.kke gSA
 v'kksd ds ckn Hkh vfHkys[kksa dh ijEijk dk;e jghA vc gesa
bfrgkldkjksa us vè;;u gsrq ljyrk dh n`f"V ls bfrgkl dks dbZ Hkkxksa
vusd iz'kfLr;k¡ feyus yxha ftuesa njckjh dfo;ksa vFkok ys[kdksa
esa oxhZÑr fd;k gSA izkphu Hkkjr mlh oxhZdj.k dk ,d Hkkx gSA
}kjk vius vkJ;nkrkvksa dh iz'kalk ds 'kCn feyrs gSaA buls lacafèkr
,sfrgkfld dkyØeksa dk vè;;u ge ,sfrgkfld lkexzh@lzksrksa ds vkèkkj
'kkldksa ds ckjs esa egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh feyrh gSa] ftuesa izeq[k gSa&
ij djrs gaSA pw¡fd bfrgkl mu ckrksa dk o`Ùkkar gksrk gS] tks Hkwrdky
esa gqb± gksa] blfy;s ewyr% egÙoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks pqudj vrhr dk vfHkys[k 'kkld fo"k;
iqufuZekZ.k djus dks gh bfrgkl dgrs gSaA ;s egÙoiw.kZ rF; gekjs fy;s gkFkhxqEiQk vfHkys[k [kkjosy [kkjosy ds 'kklu dh ?kVukvksa dk
dbZ :iksa esa lqjf{kr gSa ftUgsa ge bfrgkl dh lkexzh@lzksr dgrs gSaA Øec¼ fooj.k
twukx<+ vfHkys[k #nznkeu blesa #nznkeu dh fot;ksa] O;fDrRo
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl tkuus ds lzksr
(fxjukj vfHkys[k) ,oa ÑfrRo dk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr vusd vkSj fofoèk izdkj ds gSaA ukfld vfHkys[k xkSreh cyJh lkrokgudkyhu ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k
gekjs bfrgkl ds lzksrksa ds {ks=k esa fdlh unh ds rV ij ,d futZu (jpukdkj) (xkSrehiq=k 'kkrd.khZ ls lacafèkr)
Vhys dks [kksndj fudkys x, izkxSfrgkfld dky ds euq"; }kjk iRFkj iz;kx LraHk ys[k leqnzxqIr bld sfot; ,o auhfr;k asdk ijwk fooj.k
dks dkVdj cuk, x, x¡Mklksa ls ysdj HkO; bekjrksa ds HkXuko'ks"kksa ,sgksy vfHkys[k iqydsf'ku g"kZ ,oa iqydsf'ku f}rh; ds ;q¼ dk
vkSj jktdfo ck.k ds ^g"kZpfjr* rd lHkh izdkj dh phtsa 'kkfey gSaA f}rh; fooj.k
vius vè;;u dh lqfoèkk ds mís'; ls ge mUgsa eksVs&eksVs :i ls nks Hkhrjh LraHk ys[k LoaQnxqIr blds thou dh vusd egÙoiw.kZ
Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa& ,d rks lkfgfR;d vkSj nwljk iqjkrÙo ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k
lacaèkh lkexzhA bu nks Jsf.k;ksa dks fiQj vkSj NksVh&NksVh Jsf.k;ksa esa eanlkSj vfHkys[k ekyok ujs'k lSfud miyfCèk;ksa dk o.kZu
foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;'kksèkeZu
2
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr ,oa çkxSfrgkfld dky Quick Book
 xSj&ljdkjh ys[kksa esa ;ou jktnwr gsfy;ksMksjl dk osluxj (fofn'kk) ls izkIr x#M+ LrEHk ys[k fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gS ftlls
f}rh; 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa eè; Hkkjr esa Hkkxor èkeZ fodflr gksus dk izek.k feyrk gSA
uksV% vfHkys[kksa ds vè;;u dks ^,fixzsiQh* dgk tkrk gSA
u
lkfgfR;d lzksr fons'kh lkfgR;(fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa ds fooj.k) laxe lkfgR;;wuku ,oaphuh ys[kd ↓vjch ys[kde ds ys[kd↓↓ iQkfg;ku esxLFkuhtvy lqysek àsulkax VkWysehvyc:uh bfRlax vkfn gsjksMksVlvy&elwnh fu;kdZlekdksZiksyks vfjLVkscqylbCucrwrk vkfnA vkfnA Le`friqjk.k  fo".kq iqjk.keuqLefr  Hkkxor iqjk.kukjn Le`fr  f'ko iqjk.k;kKoYD; x#.kiqjk.k Le`fr vkfnAvkfnA
;;u ds lzksr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; laxe lkfgR; fr#dqjyjks f'kyIikfndkje~ ef.kes[kyS thod fparkef.kvkfnA   egkdkO;"kM~n'kZu lka[;jkek;.k ;ksxegkHkkjr U;k; oS'ksf"kd iwoZehekalk mÙkj ehekalk
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds vè ;k¡fp=kdykeqgjsa èkkfeZd lkfgR;èkeZfujis{k lkfgR; dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=k dYg.k dh jktrjafx.kh ikf.kuh dk v"Vkè;k;h fo'kk[knÙk dk tSu lkfgR;eqnzkjk{kl ifjf'k"VioZu dkfynkl dk vfHkKku Hknzckgqpfjr'kkdaqrye~] Hkxorhlw=kekyfodkfXufe=ke~] dYilw=k vkfnAj?kqoa'k] es?knwr ck.kHkV~Vdk g"kZpfjr] dknacjh vkfnA mifu"knmiosnosnkax  f'k{kkvk;qosZn NkanksX;  dYièkuqosZn dB  O;kdj.kxaèkoZosn c`gnkj.;d  fu#Drf'kYiosn vkfnA vkfnANan T;ksfr"k
iqjkrkfÙod lzksr ewfrZd ,oaflDdsou ckS¼ lkfgR; lqÙkfiVd fou;fiVd vfHkèkEefiVd fefyaniUgks cq¼pfjr fnO;konku vkfnA xzaFkvkj.;d  rSfÙkjh;  dheS=kk;.kh  vkfnA,srjs; vkfnA
Lekjys[kHk lkfgR; czkã.k ,srjs; dkSf"kr xksiFk
vfHk czkã.k osn ÍXosn ;tqosZn lkeosn vFkoZosn

   

3
n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr ,oa çkxSfrgkfld dky
egkik"kk.k dky
 uoik"kk.k ;xq dh lekfIr d s ckn nf{k.k e as ftl lLa Ñfr dk mn; gvq k] ml s egkik"kk.k dky dgk tkrk gAS iRFkj dh dckz as dk s ^egkik"kk.k*
dgk tkrk FkkA bu dckz as e as ekuok as dk s niQuk;k tkrk FkkA egkik"kk.k dky l s lca ¼ ykxs lkèkkj.kr% igkMk+ as dh <yku ij jgr s FkAs nDdu]
nf{k.k Hkkjr] mÙkj&iow h Z Hkkjr rFkk d'ehj e as ;g iFz kk ipz fyr FkhA ;gk ¡ dh dckz as e as ykgs s d s vk”S kkj] ?kkMs +s d s dda ky rFkk iRFkj ,o a lkus s
d s xgu s Hkh ikzIr g,q gAaS
 egkik"kk.k dky esa vkaf'kd 'kokèkku dh i¼fr Hkh izpfyr Fkh ftlds rgr 'koksa dks taxyh tkuojksa ds [kkus ds fy;s NksM+ fn;k tkrk
FkkA czãfxfj] vkfnpUuywj] ekLdh] fpaxyiÙkq] ukxktqZudksaMk vkfn blds izeq[k 'kokèkku dssanz gSaA
 egkik"kk.kdkyhu yksx èkku ds vfrfjDr jkxh dh [ksrh Hkh djrs FksA bfrgkldkjksa us egkik"kk.k dky dk fuèkkZj.k 1000 bZ- iw- ls ysdj
izFke 'krkCnh bZ- iw- ds chp fd;k gSA
vH;kl iz'u
1. cksfèklRo in~eikf.k dk fp=k lokZfèkd çfl¼ vkSj çk;% fpf=kr 8. Hkkjr esa ekuo dk loZizFke lk{; dgk¡ feyrk gS\
fp=kdkjh gS] tks (a) uhyfxfj igkfM+;k¡
(a) vtark esa gS (b) cknkeh esa gS (b) f'kokfyd igkfM+;k¡
(c) ck?k esa gS (d) ,yksjk esa gS (c) uYyeyk igkfM+;k¡
IAS, 2017
(d) ueZnk ?kkVh
2. foaè; {ks=k ds fdl f'kykJ; ls lokZfèkd ekuo dadky feys gSa\
UKPSC, 2006
(a) eksjguk igkM+ (b) ?k?kfj;k
9. Hkkjrh; iqjkrÙo losZ{k.k fuEufyf[kr foHkkxksa@ea=kky;ksa esa ls fdldk
(c) c?kgh [kksj (d) ys[kfg;k
layXu dk;kZy; gS\
UPPSC (Pre), 2016
3. ,d gh dcz ls rhu ekuo dadky fudys gSa& (a) laLÑfr
(a) ljk; ukgj jk; ls (b) nenek ls (b) i;ZVu
(c) egngk ls (d) ya?kukt ls (c) foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
UPPSC (Pre), 2016 (d) ekuo lalkèku fodkl
4. gM~Mh ls fufeZr vkHkw"k.k Hkkjr esa eè; ik"kk.k dky ds lanHkZ esa JPSC, 2011
dgk¡ ls izkIr gq, gSa\ 10. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldks ^pkydksfyfFkd ;qx* Hkh dgk tkrk gS\
(a) ljk; ukgj jk; ls (b) egngk ls
(a) iqjkik"kk.k ;qx (b) uoik"kk.k ;qx
(c) ys[kfg;k ls (d) pksikuh ekaMks ls
(c) rkezik"kk.k ;qx (d) ykSg;qx
UPRO/ARO (Mains), 2013 44th BPSC, 2000
5. HkhecsVdk dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
12. fuEufyf[kr e as l s dkuS &lk ons x| vkjS i| nkus k as e as jfpr g\S
(a) Hkksiky (b) iape<+h
(a) ÍXosn (b) ;tqosZn
(c) flaxjkSyh (d) vCnqYykxat jk;lsu
(c) lkeosn (d) vFkoZosn
MPPSC, 2013
11. Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa Ñf"k ds izkphure lk{; izkIr gq, gSa\
6. HkhecsVdk fdlds fy;s izfl¼ gS\
(a) dksfYMgok ls
(a) xqiQkvksa ds fy;s 'kSyfp=k (b) [kfut
(b) ygqjknso ls
(c) ckS¼ izfrek,¡ (d) lksu unh dk mikxe LFky
(c) esgjx<+ ls
UPPSC (Pre), 2016
(d) Vksdok ls
7. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ij ekuo ds lkFk dqÙks dks niQuk,
tkus dk lk{; feyk gS\ mÙkjekyk
(a) cq”kZgkse (b) dksfYMgok
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)
(c) pksikuh ekaMks (d) ek.Mks 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
UKPSC, 2010 11. (c) 12. (b)
10