Table Of ContentBone Substitute Biomaterials
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials: Number 78
Bone Substitute
Biomaterials
Edited by
Kajal Mallick
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Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials xv
Part I Properties of bone substitute biomaterials in medicine 1
1 Bone substitutes based on biomineralization 3
S. Sprio, M. Sandri, S. Panseri, M. Iafisco, A. Ruffini,
S. Minardi and A. Tampieri, Institute of Science and
Technology for Ceramics, ISTEC-CNR, Italy
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Key aspects driving the regeneration of hard
connective tissues 5
1.3 Biomineralization processes to obtain collagen/hydoxyapatite
composites as regenerative bone and osteochondral scaffolds 8
1.4 Composite biopolymeric matrices able to mediate
biomineralization 13
1.5 New intelligent bone scaffolds: functionalized devices able to
respond to specifi c environmental conditions 17
1.6 Future trends in regenerative medicine: superparamagnetic
hybrid bone scaffolds 21
1.7 Conclusions 23
1.8 Acknowledgements 24
1.9 References 24
2 Experimental quantifi cation of bone mechanics 30
P. Bhattacharya and G. H. van Lenthe, KU Leuven –
University of Leuven, Belgium
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Bone biology and mechanical function 33
v
vi Contents
2.3 Whole-bone mechanical properties 35
2.4 Micro-scale mechanical properties 47
2.5 Nano-scale mechanical properties 52
2.6 Hierarchical or multi-scale methods of bone quality
assessment 56
2.7 Conclusions 59
2.8 References 61
3 Osteoinductivization of dental implants and
bone-defect-fi lling materials 72
E. B. Hunziker, University of Bern, Switzerland
3.1 Introduction 72
3.2 Biomimetic coating technique 72
3.3 Conclusions 77
3.4 References 78
4 Bioresorbable bone graft substitutes 80
T. J. Blokhuis, University Medical Center Utrecht,
The Netherlands
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Materials that allow resorption 81
4.3 Bioresorbable materials as a source of other substances 86
4.4 Challenges 88
4.5 Conclusions 89
4.6 References 90
Part II Biomaterial substitute scaffolds and implants for
bone repair 93
5 Multifunctional scaffolds for bone regeneration 95
V. Guarino, M. G. Raucci, A. Ronca, V. Cirillo and
L. Ambrosio, Institute for Polymers, Composites and
Biomaterials, National Research Council, Italy
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Bone structures and extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics 97
5.3 Micro/macroporous scaffolds with bioactive solid signals 98
5.4 Hybrid scaffolds by sol–gel technique 100
5.5 3D printed scaffolds via laser sintering 102
5.6 ECM-like scaffolds by electrospinning 105
Contents vii
5.7 Conclusions and future trends 108
5.8 References 108
6 3D bioceramic foams for bone tissue engineering 118
K. K. Mallick and J. Winnett, University of Warwick, UK
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Biology of bone 120
6.3 Biomaterials 121
6.4 Manufacturing techniques 125
6.5 Conclusions 134
6.6 References 135
7 Titanium and NiTi foams for bone replacement 142
A. Bansiddhi, Kasetsart University, Thailand and
D. C. Dunand, Northwestern University, USA
7 .1 Introduction 142
7 .2 Titanium-based materials for replacing bones 143
7 .3 Development of Ti-based foams for replacing bone 147
7 .4 Introduction to currently available Ti-based foams 150
7 .5 Generation I: foams with primary intrinsic porous
structure 151
7 .6 Generation II: foams with built-in secondary porous
structure 155
7 .7 Generation III: foams with built-up secondary
porous structure 161
7 .8 Outlook to next generation Ti-based foams 167
7 .9 Future trends 169
7 .10 Sources of further information and advice 171
7 .11 References 172
8 Bioceramics for skeletal bone regeneration 180
G. C. Wang, Z. F. Lu and H. Zreiqat, The University of
Sydney, Australia
8.1 Introduction 180
8.2 Calcium phosphate (Ca-P) based bioactive ceramics
for bone regeneration 181
8.3 Properties of Ca-P bioceramics: degradability, bioactivity
and mechanical properties 184
8.4 Enhancement of bioactivity and mechanical properties of
Ca-P bioceramics 188
viii Contents
8.5 Calcium silicate (Ca-Si) based bioceramics and their
applications in biomedical fi elds 192
8.6 Approaches to improve the performance of Ca-Si based
bioceramics 195
8.7 Summary and future trends 199
8.8 References 200
Part III Biomaterials for bone repair and regeneration 217
9 Cartilage grafts for bone repair and regeneration 219
C. S. Bahney and R. S. Marcucio, University of
California, San Francisco, USA
9.1 Introduction 219
9.2 Current problems associated with bone grafting 220
9.3 Cartilage grafts: an alternative to bone grafting 221
9.4 Conversion of cartilage to bone 223
9.5 Generating cartilage grafts 227
9.6 Future trends 232
9.7 References 233
10 Chitosan for bone repair and regeneration 244
J. Venkatesan and S. K. Kim, Pukyong National
University, Republic of Korea
10.1 Introduction 244
10.2 Natural polymers – chitin and chitosan 245
10.3 Chitosan derivatives for bone tissue engineering 247
10.4 Chitosan-based composites for bone tissue engineering 249
10.5 Chitosan with stem cells 253
10.6 Conclusions 253
10.7 Acknowledgements 254
10.8 References 254
11 Inorganic polymer composites for bone regeneration
and repair 261
L. Grøndahl, K. S. Jack and C. S. Goonasekera,
The University of Queensland, Australia
11.1 Introduction 261
11.2 Component selection and general design considerations 262
11.3 Fabrication of particulate composites 267
Contents ix
11.4 Fabrication of nano-composites 270
11.5 Composite scaffolds 278
11.6 Conclusions and future trends 283
11.7 Sources of further information and advice 284
11.8 References 284
12 Marine organisms for bone repair and regeneration 294
S. A. Clarke and P. Walsh, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
12.1 Introduction 294
12.2 Why marine organisms? 295
12.3 Marine organisms used directly as biomaterials 299
12.4 Marine organisms used indirectly as biomaterials 302
12.5 Components of marine organisms as biomaterial adjuncts 303
12.6 Commercially available marine-based products 305
12.7 Commercialisation concerns 307
12.8 Marine organisms as inspiration 308
12.9 Conclusions 309
12.10 Sources of further information 309
12.11 References 310
Index 319
