Table Of ContentBONE REGENERATION
Edited by Haim Tal
Bone Regeneration
Edited by Haim Tal
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for
commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which
ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in
any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the
work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify
the original source.
As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published
chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly
credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.
Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Ana Skalamera
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team
First published April, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Bone Regeneration, Edited by Haim Tal
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0487-2
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Tissue Engineering of Bone 1
Chapter 1 Stem Cell Based Bone Tissue Engineering 3
Lauren Vernon, Lee Kaplan and Chun-Yuh Charles Huang
Chapter 2 Autologous Cell Therapies
for Bone Tissue Regeneration 17
Nevenka Kregar Velikonja, Hana Krečič Stres, Elvira Maličev,
Danica Gantar, Matija Krkovič, Vladimir Senekovič, Matjaž Rode,
Miomir Knežević, Gordana Vunjak Novakovic and Mirjam Fröhlich
Chapter 3 Signals Between Cells
and Matrix Mediate Bone Regeneration 51
Ron Zohar
Chapter 4 Tissue Engineering of Bone:
Critical Evaluation of Scaffold Selection 75
Itzhak Binderman, Avinoam Yaffe, Yuval Samuni,
Hila Bahar, Joseph Choukroun and Philippe Russe
Chapter 5 Tissuue Engineering in Maxillar
Sinus Lifting: A Comparation of Differents Grafts
and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Evaluation 87
Andrea Ballini, Michele Scivetti, Stefania Cantore,
Biagio Rapone, Gianfranco Favia and Felice Roberto Grassi
Part 2 Regenerative Bone Therapy 101
Chapter 6 Bioresorbable Collagen
Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration 103
Haim Tal, Ofer Moses, Avital Kozlovsky and Carlos Nemcovsky
Chapter 7 Augmentation and Preservation
of the Alveolar Process and Alveolar Ridge of Bone 131
Haim Tal, Zvi Artzi, Roni Kolerman,
Ilan Beitlitum and Gal Goshen
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Distraction Osteogenesis
and Its Challenges in Bone Regeneration 177
Reggie C. Hamdy, Juan S. Rendon and Maryam Tabrizian
Chapter 9 Skull Expansion by Spring-Mediated Bone Regeneration 205
Rodrigo Dornelles, Vera Cardim and Nivaldo Alonso
Chapter 10 The Use of Cancellous Bone-Block Allograft
for Reconstruction of the Atrophic Alveolar Ridge 231
Gavriel Chaushu and Joseph Nissan
Part 3 Applied Biotechnology and Biomaterials 257
Chapter 11 Self-Regenerative Ability of Bone
and Micro Processing of Bone-Component
Material in Orthopedic Surgery Healing 259
T. Ohtani, T. Nakai, R. Mori and Y. Uchio
Chapter 12 Microstructure and Biocompatibility
of Hydroxyapatite Porous Ceramics Designed by
a Partial Dissolution-Precipitation Technique
with Supersonic Treatment for Bone Regeneration 275
Toshiyuki Akazawa, Masaru Murata, Yasuhiko Tabata
and Manabu Ito
Chapter 13 Development and Evaluation of Superporous
Ceramics Bone Tissue Scaffold Materials
with Triple Pore Structure
A) Hydroxyapatite, B) Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate 293
Michiko Sakamoto and Toshio Matsumoto
Chapter 14 Histocompatibility of Acellular Matrix Bone
with Osteoblast and Vascular Endothelial Cells 313
Gang Rui, Xuhong Jin and Shan Lin
Preface
Ever since the dawn of humanity, invention has inspired progress. The
resourcefulness of mankind has continually led to advances in the implements we use;
from time to time we have witnessed revolutionary innovations. Bone regeneration
and tissue engineering therapy may well be counted among these outstanding
breakthroughs.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue most prominently characterized by its
mineralized organic matrix that imparts the physical properties that allow bone tissue
to resist load, to support functional organs such as teeth, and to protect highly
sensitive body parts such as the central nervous system. Bone loss and bone damage
may occur as a result of genetic conditions, infectious diseases, tumours, and trauma.
Additional causes of bone loss or bone damage specific to the oral cavity include
severe periodontal disease, tooth loss, and post-extraction disuse atrophy of the jaws.
While physical activity may result in formation of functionally oriented bone
trabeculae , muscular disuse or muscular atrophy, hormonal changes and aging may
bring about reduction in bone density and lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Pathological bony defects and deficiencies frequently pose therapeutic and
reconstructive challenges.
Bone regeneration, which is part of the process of bone healing, involves integrative
activity of native tissues and living cells, and lends itself to the incorporation of
naturally derived or biocompatible synthetic scaffolds, aimed at replacing missing or
damaged osseous tissues. There are several modalities of bone regeneration that take
advantage of the principles of bone biology: these include tissue engineering, guided
bone regeneration, distraction ontogenesis, and bone grafting.
During the past 30 years since the introduction of dental implants, lack of sufficient
volume of bone at implant recipient sites has motivated the development of new
regenerative therapies for promoting de novo formation of bone at such compromised
sites. These procedures, often referred to as "implant site development", have received
special attention over the past few years.
Awareness of what may be likened to bone regeneration and tissue engineering is as
old as human culture. The Book of Genesis provides a detailed description of the
X Preface
creation of man, followed by the creation of a woman from one of the man's ribs: [21]
"So the LORD GOD caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took
one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh; [22] and the rib which the LORD GOD
had taken from the man he made into a woman." The ancient Kabbalah refers to these
divine acts as Genesis I and II, and considers the power given to Noah to select the
species to repopulate the world after the great flood, when the power of divine
regeneration was granted to a human being, as Genesis III. Tissue engineering and
clinical bone regeneration may one day be considered as Genesis IV, an era when a
new kind of creative power is given to man, with all the profound responsibility and
commitment that such creation carries with it.
Editing this book has been a work of love. It is the culmination of three decades of
teaching, research and clinical activity in a rapidly changing scientific and clinical
environment. I am indebted to my teachers and mentors, Prof. John Lemmer ,
University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, and Prof. S. Sigmund Stahl, New
York University, whose academic and professional dedication inspired me throughout
the years. I hope that the readers will find this book informative, motivating and
stimulating
Haim Tal
DMD, MDent., PhD (Rand)
Department of Periodontology and Implantology
Tel Aviv University,
Israel
