Table Of ContentBone Metastases
Cancer Metastasis – Biology and Treatment
VOLUME 12
SeriesEditors
RichardJ.Ablin,Ph.D.,UniversityofArizona,CollegeofMedicineandTheArizonaCancer
Center,AZ,U.S.A.
WenG.Jiang,M.D.,WalesCollegeofMedicine,CardiffUniversity,Cardiff,U.K.
AdvisoryEditorialBoard
HaroldF.Dvorak,M.D.
PhilGold,M.D.,Ph.D.
DannyWelch, Ph.D.
HiroshiKobayashi,M.D.,Ph.D.
RobertE.Mansel,M.S.,FRCS.
KlausPantel,Ph.D.
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/5761
Bone Metastases
A Translational
and Clinical Approach
Edited by
Dimitrios Kardamakis, M D, PhD, DM RT
DepartmentofRadiationOncology,UniversityofPatrasMedicalSchool,Patras,Greece
Vassilios Vassiliou, M D, PhD
DepartmentofRadiationOncology,UniversityofPatrasMedicalSchool,Patras,Greece
and
Edward Chow, M B B S, PhD, FRCPC
Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences
Centre,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Ontario,Canada
Editors
Dr.DimitriosKardamakis,MD,PhD,DMRT Dr.VassiliosVassiliou,MD,PhD
UniversityofPatras UniversityofPatras
MedicalSchool MedicalSchool
Dept.ofRadiationOncology Dept.ofRadiationOncology
26504Patras 26504Patras
Greece Greece
[email protected] [email protected]
Dr.EdwardChow,MBBS,PhD,FRCPC
UniversityofToronto
SunnybrookHealthSciencesCentre
Dept.ofRadiationOncology
2075BayviewAvenue
Toronto,OntarioM4N3M5
Canada
[email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4020-9818-5 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9819-2
DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-9819-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009920108
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted
inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording
orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception
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andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
Printedonacid-freepaper
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ToKaterinaandAnastasis,whosesupport
andpatiencemakeitpossible
DimitriosKardamakis
Tomyfamilyfortheinvaluable helptheyhaveoffered
andtocancerpatientsandresearcherswhostruggle
againstcancerintheireverydaylife
VassiliosVassiliou
Tomycolleaguesandmypatientswhoteachandguideme
EdwardChow
Preface by Editors
Bonemetastasesarecommonintheeventofmalignancyandafterliverandlungs,
bone is the third most common site of distant metastases. Metastatic bone dis-
easeisinevitablyassociatedwithseverecomplicationssuchaspain,impairedmo-
bility, pathological fractures, spinal cord or root compression and hypercalcemia.
Thesecomplicationsdeteriorateseverelytheclinicalandphysicalstatusofpatients,
affect negatively their quality of life and can also be life threatening. The under-
standing of the pathophysiology of bone metastases and the investigation and ap-
plication of newer diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is therefore of uttermost
importance.
“Bone metastases: A translational and clinical approach” is intended to serve
both as an introductory and reference book that focuses on the field of metastatic
bone disease. All invited contributing authors are expert researchers who have
prominentpublicationsinthefieldofbonemetastasesorrelatedtopics.Morespecif-
ically, the book describes thoroughly the molecular and cellular mechanisms in-
volvedintheformationofbonemetastases,commentsontheroleofangiogenesis,
presents the newer advances made in the understanding of the clinical picture and
symptoms of patients, analyses the role of bone markers in research and clinical
practice and deals with all aspects of imaging modalities applied for the detection
and evaluation of bone metastases. Furthermore, it covers extensively the use of
radiotherapy, surgery and systemic treatments for the management of metastatic
bonedisease,givingspecialattentiontotheroleandindicationsofeachtherapeu-
tic mode. New therapeutic approaches such as the combination of radiotherapy or
radiopharmaceuticalswithbisphosphonatesarealsocommentedupon.Finally,two
chapters are dedicated to the assessment of the therapeutic response by applying
clinical,radiologicalandbiochemicalparametersormethods.
Overallthetextbookpresentsthoroughlyallaspectsofmetastaticbonedisease,
providingcomprehensiveandconciseinformationthatservesasareferenceforre-
searchers,oncologists,orthopaedicsurgeons,cliniciansandmedicalstudentsalike.
Moreover it can serve as a guide for the clinical and therapeutic management of
patientswithmetastaticbonedisease.
The editors would like to thank all contributing authors for their scholarly ef-
forts and complement them for their outstanding work. We also thank Dr Richard
Ablin and Wen Jiang, editors of the book series on Cancer Metastasis: Biology
vii
viii PrefacebyEditors
andTreatment,forinvitingustoeditavolumefortheaforementionedbookseries.
Finally,theassistancefromthePublishingEditorDr.ChristinaMirandaAlvesdos
Santosandherassistant,Ms.MelaniaRuizEsparzawasmorethanvaluable.
Patras DimitriosKardamakis
Patras VassiliosVassiliou
Toronto,ON EdwardChow
Contents
PartI FundamentalConceptsofBoneMetastases
1 BONEANATOMY,PHYSIOLOGYANDFUNCTION............. 3
Vassiliki Tzelepi, Athanassios C. Tsamandas, Vassiliki Zolota
andChrisoulaD.Scopa
2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGYOFBONEMETASTASES ................ 31
G.DavidRoodman
3 ANGIOGENESISANDBONEMETASTASIS:IMPLICATIONS
FORDIAGNOSIS,PREVENTIONANDTREATMENT ........... 51
PelagiaG.TsoutsouandMichaelI.Koukourakis
4 NATURALHISTORY,PROGNOSIS,CLINICALFEATURES
ANDCOMPLICATIONSOFMETASTATICBONEDISEASE ..... 77
VassiliosVassiliou,EdwardChowandDimitriosKardamakis
5 BONE BIOMARKERS IN RESEARCH
ANDCLINICALPRACTICE ................................... 93
JanetE.BrownandEdwardChow
PartII ImagingModalities
6 RADIOLOGICEVALUATIONOFSKELETALMETASTASES:
ROLE OF PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS AND COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY ..............................................119
ChristinaKalogeropoulou,AnnaKarachaliouandPeterZampakis
ix
x Contents
7 THE CONTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE
INTHEDIAGNOSISOFBONEMETASTASES ..................137
AndorW.J.M.Glaudemans,MarnixG.E.H.Lam,NielsC.Veltman,
RudiA.J.O.DierckxandAlbertoSignore
8 MAGNETICRESONANCEIMAGINGOFMETASTATICBONE
DISEASE .....................................................163
Ekaterini Solomou, Alexandra Kazantzi, Odysseas Romanos
andDimitriosKardamakis
PartIII TherapeuticStrategies
9 RADIOTHERAPYANDBONEMETASTASES ...................185
JanW.H.LeerandYvetteM.vanderLinden
10 BIPHOSPHONATESINTHEMANAGEMENTOFMETASTATIC
BONEDISEASE...............................................195
FredSaadandArifHussain
11 COMBINEDRADIOTHERAPYANDBISPHOSPHONATES:
STATEOFART ...............................................233
VassiliosVassiliouandDimitriosKardamakis
12 BIPHOSPHONATESINTHETREATMENTOFBONE
METASTASES–OSTEONECROSISOFTHEJAW ...............251
CesarAugustoMigliorati
13 SURGICALMANAGEMENTOFBONEMETASTASES ..........263
MarkkuNousiainen,CariM.Whyne,AlbertJ.M.Yee,JoelFinkelstein
andMichaelFord
14 THE ROLE OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT
OFBONEMETASTASES ......................................287
ThomasMakatsorisandHaralabosP.Kalofonos
15 HORMONOTHERAPYOFBONEMETASTASES ................299
KonstantinosKamposiorasandEvangelosBriasoulis
16 RADIONUCLIDETHERAPY...................................321
GiovanniStorto
