Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children

229 Pages·2017·2.295 MB·English

by  Sarah Grogan

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BODY IMAGE
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2 Body Image provides a comprehensive summary of research on body image in
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9 men, women and children, drawing together research findings in the fields of
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: psychology, sociology, clothing and gender studies.
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2 This third edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect the
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a significant increase in research on body image since the previous edition, as well
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o as the considerable cultural changes in how men’s and women’s bodies are
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e viewed. Data are also included from interviews and focus groups with men,
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women and children who have spoken about their experiences of body image and
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a body dissatisfaction, producing a comprehensive understanding of how men and
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a, women construct and understand their bodies in the twenty-first century.
i The only sole-authored text to provide a comprehensive view of body image
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or research focusing on men, women and children, Body Image will be invaluable to
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i students and researchers, as well as practitioners with an interest in body image
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C and how to reduce body dissatisfaction.

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y Sarah Grogan is Professor of Psychology Health and Wellbeing at Manchester
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si Metropolitan University, UK. She has been involved in body image research since
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ve 1990. She is interested in reducing body dissatisfaction in men, women and
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n children, with a particular focus on the impact of body image and related
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[ behaviours on physical health.
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“In this revision, Sarah Grogan offers a comprehensive distillation of current
knowledge in the field of body image. She skilfully summarises and makes sense
of a wide-ranging and ever-expanding body of research in one thoughtful but very
readable and accessible volume. The accompanying illustrations and quotations
make the material come alive and highlight the human significance of this
contemporary concern.” Marika Tiggemann, Matthew Flinders Distinguished
Professor, Flinders University, Australia
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1 “This is an outstanding and stimulating text by Professor Grogan. She uniquely
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2 brings together historical, cultural, developmental and contemporary perspectives,
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ri and provides a thorough, readable, up-to-date and international coverage of the
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A body image field. This is essential reading for novices and experts, as the book
2 examines both fundamentals and specialized topics.” Lina A. Ricciardelli, School
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9 of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia
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2 “Written in an accessible style, Sarah Grogan’s updated book will not disappoint
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a those who want to gain a grounding of key theorists combined with good coverage
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o of contemporary issues and illustrated with recent empirical research. This book
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e should be mandatory for students wishing to study body image.” Sarah Seymour-
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Smith, Nottingham Trent University, UK
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a, “Body image scholarship has grown substantially over the past decade. Professor
i Grogan knowledgably informs us of the foundations, advances, and applications
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or of this fascinating field. Her accessibly written third edition of Body Image is the
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i up-to-date and well-told story of how our experiences of embodiment emerge and
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C can powerfully shape our lives.” Thomas F. Cash, PhD, Professor Emeritus of
f Psychology, Old Dominion University, USA, and Editor-in-Chief of Body Image:
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y An International Journal of Research
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B O D Y I M A G E
Understanding body dissatisfaction in men,
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2 Third Edition
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:
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2 Sarah Grogan
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Third edition published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Sarah Grogan
7 The right of Sarah Grogan to be identified as author of this work has been
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0 asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
2 Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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r All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
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A utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
2 known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
1 information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
9 publishers.
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1: Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
2 registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
at without intent to infringe.
o] First edition published by Routledge, 1998
g Second edition published by Routledge, 2008
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D British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
n A catalogue record for this book is available from the
a British Library
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a, Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
i Names: Grogan, Sarah, 1959- author.
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r Title: Body image : understanding body dissatisfaction
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f in men, women and children / Sarah Grogan.
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al Description: Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New
C York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
f references.
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y Identifiers: LCCN 2016014895 (print) | LCCN
t 2016023987 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138928879 (hardback
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s : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138928886 (pbk.) | ISBN
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e 9781315681528 (Ebook)
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i Subjects: LCSH: Body image--Social aspects--United
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U States. | Body image--Social aspects--Great Britain.
[ Classification: LCC BF697.5.B63 G76 2017 (print) |
y LCC BF697.5.B63 (ebook) | DDC 306.4/613--dc23
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d LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016014895
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d ISBN: 978-1-138-92887-9 (hbk)
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o ISBN: 978-1-138-92888-6 (pbk)
nl ISBN: 978-1-315-68152-8 (ebk)
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Typeset in Times New Roman
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D by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby
FOR EVERYONE INVOLVED IN PROMOTING
POSITIVE BODY IMAGE
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CONTENTS
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2 List of figures ix
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9 Preface to the third edition xi
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: Acknowledgments xiii
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a 1 Introduction 1
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g History 1
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D Definitions 3
n Theoretical perspectives 4
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a, This book 6
i Bibliography 9
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i 2 Culture and body image 11
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f The idealization of slenderness 11
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y The basis of body shape ideals 15
it Historical trends: portrayal of the female body 18
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e Historical trends: portrayal of the male body 24
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ni Cultural variations in body shape preferences 29
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The dieting industry 31
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y Summary 33
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d Bibliography 33
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o 3 Women and body image 38
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o Assessment of body image 39
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Behavioural indicators of body dissatisfaction 53
Social construction of the feminine body 65
Summary 69
Bibliography 69
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CONTENTS
4 Men and body image 75
Assessment of body image 76
Behavioural indicators of body dissatisfaction 83
Social construction of the masculine body 93
Summary 97
Bibliography 97
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1 5 Media effects 103
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l Media portrayal of women’s bodies 103
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p Media portrayal of men’s bodies 105
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2 Surveys relating media exposure to body image 107
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9 Studies investigating direct effects of media images on body image 108
0 Interview studies 113
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2 Theories of media influence 116
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a Body shape role models 119
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o Recent developments 124
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e Summary 128
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n Bibliography 128
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a, 6 Age, ethnicity, social class, and sexuality 135
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r Body image across the life span 135
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if Ethnicity and body image 150
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C Social class and body image 154
of Body shape, sexual attractiveness and sexuality 157
y Intersections between demographic categories 172
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s Summary 173
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v Bibliography 174
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[ 7 Reducing body dissatisfaction and promoting positive
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b body image 184
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d Psychological factors predicting body dissatisfaction 185
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o General conclusions 194
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o Bibliography 198
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Index 204
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FIGURES
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2 2.1 Beyoncé Knowles. Source: Photoshot/Instagram.com 12
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9 2.2 Rembrandt van Rijn, Bathsheba (1654). Source: Musée du
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: Louvre © Photo RMN-Grand Palais, Mathieu Rabeau 19
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2 2.3 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Blonde Bather (1881). Source: © Sterling
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a and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts,
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o USA 19
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e 2.4 Woman in flapper dress, 1923. Source: © Illustrated London
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News Ltd/Mary Evans 20
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a 2.5 Marilyn Monroe. Source: © United Artists/Kobal/The Picture
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a, Desk 21
i 2.6 Twiggy. Source: © King Collection/Retna/Photoshot 22
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or 2.7 Kate Moss. Source: © Marineau/Starface/Retna/Photoshot 23
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li 2.8 Luca Signorelli, Study of Two Nude Figures (1503). Source:
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C Musée du Louvre © Photo RMN-Grand Palais, Michele Bellot 25
of 2.9 Marlon Brando. Source: Kobal/The Picture Desk 27
y 2.10 Dolph Lundgren. Source: Kobal/The Picture Desk 27
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s 3.1 Whole-body scan image. Source: Image of a Tc2 scan output
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v reproduced with permission of Dr Simeon Gill (University of
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n Manchester) and Dr Kathryn Brownbridge (Manchester
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[ Metropolitan University) 52
y 5.1 Serena Williams. Source: Xinhua/Bi Mingming/Photoshot 127
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ix