Table Of Content�
VOLUMEO NE HUNDREDA ND ELEVEN
ADVANCIENS
COMPUTERS
BlockcTheacihnn olPolgayt:f orms,
Toolasn dU seC ases
Editebdy
PETHURUR AJ
VicPer esident
SitRee liabEinlgiitnye er(iSRnEgD) i vision,
ReliaJnciIeon focomLmt.d( .R JIBLa)n,g aloIrned,i a
GANESHC HANDRAD EKA
DeputDyi rec(tTorra iniDnigr)e,c toGreanteer oaflT raining
MinisotfrS yk iDlelv elopm&e Entn trepreneurship,
GovernmenotfI ndiNae,w DelIhnid,i a
ACADEMIC PRESS
An imprionftE lsevier
ELSEVIER
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
1. BlockchTaeicnh noloUgsye C aseisn H ealthcare
PengZ hangD,o uglaCs.S chmidJtu,l eWsh itea,n dG unther Lenz
1. Introduction 2
2. PressIisnsgu ine se Halthcare 4
3. BlockchUasieCn a seisnH ealthcare 8
4. HealthcIanroep erabCihlailtlye nFgaecse bdy B lockchainA-pBpalsiecda ti1o6n s
5. CasSet udyD AppO verview 18
6. DesigCno nsideraotfiB olnosc kchainA-pBpassf eodHr e althcUasreCe a ses 20
7.S ummaroyf K eyD esigLne ssoLnesa rned 31
8. ResearDcihr ectiinoH nesa lthcare-FBolcoucskecdhA apipnl ications 32
9. Conclusion 33
KeyT erminolaongdyD efiitonins 34
��� �
Aboutth eA uthors 39
2. Blockchfaoirna TrusNte tworAkm ongI ntelliVgeehnitc les 43
ShihKoi m
1. Introduction 44
2. IntroducttoCi yobne rsecuritoyfI nItsesluleViseg heinctl es 45
3. BlockchainT-rBuasNstee tdw orAkm ongIn teiglelntV ehicles 52
4. ChallenagnedFs u tuRrees earDcihr ectoifoB nlso ckchain
inI ntellViegheinctl es 60
KeyT erminolaongdyD efinitions 65
References 66
FurthReera ding/RefefroeArnd cveasn ce 67
Aboutth eA uthor 68
3. BlockchTaeicnh noloSguyp:p lCyh aiInn sighftrso mE RP 69
ArnabB anerjee
1.A BriIenft roducttoSi uopnp lCyh aiEnR,P a,n dI mplicaotfiE oRnP
ont heS upplCyh ain 70
2. ERPT ransactIinodnuss,Ut sreyC aseasn,d G enerUisce C aseWsi th
Blockchain 72
vi Contents
3. MasteDra tMaa nagemeEnnta blbeydB lockchain 73
4. Blockchain-EDnrgiivneene ring Design 76
5. Blockchain-ODrrdievreiannn gdP rocurement 78
6. Blockchain-DDermiavnedan n dS upplMya nagement 80
7. Blockchain-MDarniuvfeanc tuarnidLn ogg istMiacnsa gement 83
8. ProduPcrto venaUnscien Bgl ockchain 87
9. BlockchUasieCn a seisnt heD istribIuntudisotnr y 89
10.C hallenagnedsF utuOruet looofkS upplCyh aiWni th
BlockchaanidEn R P 92
II.C onlcusion 94
References 95
FurthReera ding 97
Aboutth eA uthor 97
4. ApplicatoifoB nlso ckchianit nh eF inancSieaclt or
anda Peer-to-GPleoebra Bla rteWre b 99
Kazuki IankdeM dda- NafHiazm id
I.I ntruocdtion 100
2. ApplicattioMo onnse tizEecdo nomy 101
3. ApplicattioNo onnsm onetiEzceodn omy 107
4. Summarayn dF utuRrees earDcihr ections 116
KeyT erminolaongdyD e fniitions 117
References 118
Aboutth eA uthors 120
S. BlockchfaoirnB usineNsesx:t -GeneraEtnitoenr prise
Artificial InStyesltleimgse nce 121
Melanie Swan
1. Intrcotdiuon 122
2.P ublBilco ckchaBiintsc:oa inndB lockchTaeicnh nology 124
3. PublBilco ckchaEitnhse:r eum 131
4. PrivaBtleo ckchCaoirndsaE:,t hereQuumo rum,
HyperledRgieprp.l e 137
5. BusinAensasl ytAirctsi,f Iinctiealll igaenndDc eee,p
LearniCnhga ins 150
6. UseC asebsy I ndustry 152
7. Conclusion 159
References 160
Aboutth eA uthor 162
Contents vii
6. TheU seo fB lockchaAipnpsl:i cation-ADnrailvyesni s
ofA pplicability 163
BrunRoo driguTehso,m asB oceka,n d BurkhSatridl ler
1. Introduction 164
2. BlockchAapipnl icaAtrieoans 165
3. ResearDcihr ections 193
4. Conclusions 194
References 195
FurthReera indg 197
Aboutth eA uthors 197
7. SecuriatnydP rivaocfyB lockchaanidnQ uantumC omputation1 99
KazukIik eda
1. Introduction 200
2. IntroducotfSi eocnu raintdyP rivaocfBy l ockchain 201
3. Blockchianti hneQ uantuEmr a 210
4. QuantuImn formaatnidoB nl ockchain 217
5. Summarayn dR esearDcihr ections 225
KeyT erminolaongdyD efinitions 226
References 227
Aboutth eA uthor 228
8. PrivaRceyq uiremeinntC sy bersecuArpiptlyi cations
ofB lockchain 229
LouisAex onM,i chaGeoll dsmiatnhd,S adi(er eese
230
,. Introduction
2.C ybersecAuprpiltiyc atoifBo lnosc kchain 233
3. RequiremefnoPtrr si vaicnCy y bersecAuprpiltiyc ations 245
4. DevelopBilnogc kchAapipnl icatWiiotnhAs p propriate Privacy 2P6r0o visions
5. Conclusion 272
KeyT erminolaongdyD efinitions 273
References 273
Aboutth eA uthors 277
PREFACE
Blockchatienc hnoloofgfye ar wsi dev arieotfyu seasn dt hen umbero f
systewmhsi ceh mploiyta sa na lternactoinvter ololft erra fhfaisic n creased
overr hep asdte cadIet.a ttraecntosr mouisn ternatiionntaelr eVsitr.t ual
currencaireews i deluys efdo mru ltipplaey mentSso.m ec ountrhiaevsCe O I1-
sideriendt roductihneBg l ockchtaeicnh noltoogp yu blisecr vicIensd.e ed,
Estoniisas uee-sR esideand ciyg,i 1t0at lh aotf fepreso plaelo lv etrh ew orld
tos talrti pa location-indebpuesnidneenTsths e. c itizceannsu sei tf or
variopurso ceduirnecsl udeilnegc titoanxp, a ymenbta,n kt ransfaenrds, o
fortThh.i se ditbeodo kh avinegi ghcth apters disclItshesv easr i:lo.lblOsl lt
aspecotfBs l ockchtaeicnh nology.
Lotosf o rganizahtaivoena sl reardeya litzheedp otent.oifaB ll ockchain
TechnoloignyH ealthcfaorrse e curitnhgeH ealthcdaarteaC .h apte1r o f
thiesd itbedo okp resenstomse u sec aseosfB lockchtaeicnh noliongt yh e
healrhcare Tsheeca tuotrh.oh rasv eh ighligkhetyed de sigcno nsiderations
ford evelopian Bgl ockchaDiAnp p (DecentralAipzpeldi catifoonr)
Healthcaanrded escritbheek ey lessons leatrnheedie rx fpreormi ence.
Ther esearcahreper ust titnhge eiffro rttosh avaec ombineAdu tomotive
andB lockchatienc hnolobguytm, o sto ft hemc onsidearpepdl ications,
servicaensds, m arcto ntrabcatsseo dn a pplicatIinoC nhsa.p te2,rt heL ocal
DynamiBcl ockch(aLiOnB a)n dM ainB lockch(aMiEn) w itahs ecure and
un;qucer ypt1o0 ,c allIendt elliVgeehnitcT lreu spto in(tI VTPt)o e nsure
trustworthaimnoensgvs e hjclaersed, i scussed.
ConnectitnhgeB lockchtaoiE nR P acrocsosm paniweisll le atdo a n ew
kinodf t echnolsooglyu ttihoanct a nb er ightclayl laesBd l ockchEaRiPn o r
BERI'C.h apte3r d iscusasbeosu t ptrhoes peocfEt l ockchtaeicnh nology
inE RP.
The smarnte tvlohrakvse m adei tp ossibfloerv aluter ansbfyet rh e
networikt sweiltfh otuhti rd-pianrtteyr venItnitoenl.h giesnb cueid litr ectly
inttoh en etworko'pse ratitohnrso ugahs ophistipcraotteodc tohla atu to
maticaildleyn tivfaileisd,a ctoensf,i ramnsd,r outtersa nsactwiiotnhsit nh e
network. Ch4a dpitsecrl lasbsoeustt h ev arioaussp ecotfss m arnte twork.
Chapte5r d iscllasbsoeutsth e" algoritthrmuisctt h"a sti gnificadnitsly
tinguis.ihtesfser lofm t hem oret radititoynpaoll oogfty [ utshta wta si nitiaUy
onlbye tweehnu mana gents.
I
ix
x Preface
FinaiCJhya,p te6r d isclihsoswe asn du ndewrh ichc ondititohnels i se
ofB lockchcaainnb eu seffuolr a particuusleac ra seG.e nerpalla usibility
argumenatrsep rovidiendc,l udtihnedg e taoiflu ss ec asedse velopweidt hin
prototyapspe esr formaettd h eU niversoiftZ yU licahn do thers.
Chapte7 rd isclitshsese esc uraintdyp rivaocfyB lockchtaeicnh nology
{i'obmo thc lassiacnadql u antucmo mputivnige wpoinAt nso.v efll 111�
quantuBml ockchamloJdle la ccoIlU110tdhaetq iunagn tusmt atesa in
peer-to-"pveaeiyrsi ncludienId i llwei tha growinsge nsoefh opef ort he
quantuemr a.
Chapte8 rp resesnotmse r esuolfts so cial expearnidme evnatlsu atoifo ns
thep roposbeadr tseyrs teAm .b rierfe vieown severmaalj oBrl ockchain
applicationvsi efwrpOoli1on1ftb so ths oftwaarneda dvancleids cea seiss
presented.
PETHURUR AJP H.D
GANESHC HANDRAD EKA
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Blockchain Technology Use Cases
in Healthcare
Peng Zhang*, Douglas C. Schmidt*, Jules White*, Gunther Lenz†
*VanderbiltUniversity,Nashville,TN,UnitedStates
†VarianMedicalSystems,PaloAlto,CA,UnitedStates
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. PressingIssuesinHealthcare 4
2.1 Interoperability 5
2.2 Patient-CenteredCare 7
3. BlockchainUseCasesinHealthcare 8
3.1 OpioidPrescriptionTracking 9
3.2 DataSharingBetweenTelemedicineandTraditionalCare 10
3.3 Patient-ControlledCancerDataSharing 11
3.4 CancerRegistrySharing 12
3.5 PatientDigitalIdentity 13
3.6 PersonalHealthRecords(PHRs) 14
3.7 HealthInsuranceClaimAdjudication 15
4. HealthcareInoperabilityChallengesFacedbyBlockchain-BasedApplications 16
4.1 EvolvabilityChallenge:SupportingSystemEvolutionWhileMinimizing
IntegrationComplexity 16
4.2 StorageChallenge:MinimizingDataStorageRequirementsontheBlockchain 17
4.3 PrivacyChallenge:BalancingDataSharingCapabilityWithPrivacyConcerns 17
4.4 ScalabilityChallenge:TrackingRelevantHealthChangesScalablyAcross
LargePatientPopulations 18
5. CaseStudyDAppOverview 18
6. DesignConsiderationsofBlockchain-BasedAppsforHealthcareUseCases 20
6.1 Evolvability:MaintainingEvolvabilityWhileMinimizingIntegrationComplexity 21
6.2 Storage:StorageChallenge:MinimizingDataStorageRequirements 23
6.3 Privacy:BalancingDataAccessibilityWithPrivacyConcerns 26
6.4 Scalability:TrackingRelevantEventsScalablyAcrossLargeTraffic 29
7. SummaryofKeyDesignLessonsLearned 31
8. ResearchDirectionsinHealthcare-FocusedBlockchainApplications 32
9. Conclusion 33
Glossary 34
References 35
AbouttheAuthors 39
AdvancesinComputers #2018ElsevierInc. 1
ISSN0065-2458 Allrightsreserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adcom.2018.03.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
2 PengZhangetal.
Abstract
Blockchain technology alleviates the reliance on a centralized authority to certify
information integrity and ownership, as well as mediate transactions and exchange
ofdigitalassets,whileenablingsecureandpseudoanonymoustransactionsalongwith
agreements directly between interacting parties. It possesses key properties, such as
immutability, decentralization, and transparency, which potentially address pressing
issues in healthcare, such as incomplete records at point of care and difficult access
to patients’ own health information. An efficient and effective healthcare system
requiresinteroperability,whichallowssoftwareappsandtechnologyplatformstocom-
municatesecurelyandseamlessly,exchangedata,andusetheexchangeddataacross
health organizations and app vendors. Unfortunately, healthcare today suffers from
siloed and fragmented data, delayed communications, and disparate workflow tools
caused by the lack of interoperability. Blockchain offers the opportunity to enable
access to longitudinal, complete, and tamper-aware medical records that are stored
infragmentedsystemsinasecureandpseudoanonymousfashion.Thischapterfocuses
ontheapplicabilityofBlockchaintechnologyinhealthcareby(1)identifyingpotential
Blockchain use cases in healthcare, (2) providing a case study that implements
Blockchain technology, and (3) evaluating design considerations when applying this
technologyinhealthcare.
1. INTRODUCTION
Blockchain is a platform that alleviates the reliance on a single, cen-
tralized authority, yet still supports secure and “trustless” transactions
directlybetweeninteractingentities[1].Itoffersdecentralization,immuta-
bility, and consensus via cryptography and game theory. This technology
provides the foundations for a number of application domains, including
cryptocurrency and Decentralized Apps (DApps) [2].
Smart contracts are enhancements to Blockchain technologies, as
implemented in the Ethereum Blockchain [3], that provide code to direct-
lycontroltheexchangesorredistributionsofdigitalassets(suchascryptotokens
or some pieces of data) between two or more parties according to certain
rules or agreements previously established between involved participants.
Smart contracts can store data objects and define operations on the data,
enablingdevelopmentofDAppstointeractwithBlockchains,andprovide
seamlessservicestotheapplicationusers.Inthedomainofhealthcare,smart
contracts can be applied to create secure and effective technical infrastruc-
tures to enhance care coordination and quality and thus improve the
wellbeing of individuals and communities [4]. Ideally, software apps and
