Table Of ContentIntelligent Systems Reference Library 203
Sandeep Kumar Panda
Ajay Kumar Jena
Santosh Kumar Swain
Suresh Chandra Satapathy Editors
Blockchain
Technology:
Applications
and Challenges
Intelligent Systems Reference Library
Volume 203
SeriesEditors
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· ·
Sandeep Kumar Panda Ajay Kumar Jena
·
Santosh Kumar Swain Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Editors
Blockchain Technology:
Applications and Challenges
Editors
SandeepKumarPanda AjayKumarJena
DepartmentofDataScienceandArtificial SchoolofComputerEngineering
Intelligence KIITUniversity
IcfaiTech(FacultyofScience Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
andTechnology)
ICFAIFoundationforHigherEducation SureshChandraSatapathy
Hyderabad,Telangana,India SchoolofComputerEngineering
KIITUniversity
SantoshKumarSwain Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
SchoolofComputerEngineering
KIITUniversity
Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
ISSN1868-4394 ISSN1868-4408 (electronic)
IntelligentSystemsReferenceLibrary
ISBN978-3-030-69394-7 ISBN978-3-030-69395-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69395-4
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Contents
1 Blockchain Technology: Introduction, Applications,
Challenges .................................................... 1
AjayKumarJenaandSujataPriyambadaDash
1.1 Introduction ............................................. 1
1.1.1 ComponentsofBlockchain ........................ 3
1.1.2 HashingMethods ................................ 3
1.1.3 Transactions .................................... 4
1.1.4 PublicKeyCryptography ......................... 5
1.1.5 AddressandWallet .............................. 5
1.1.6 Blocks ......................................... 5
1.1.7 ConsensusMechanism ........................... 6
1.1.8 SmartContracts ................................. 6
1.2 EvolutionofBlockchain ................................... 7
1.3 ApplicationsofBlockchain ................................ 8
1.4 ChallengesofBlockchain ................................. 8
1.4.1 Scalability ...................................... 9
1.4.2 LossofPrivacy .................................. 9
1.4.3 SelfishMining .................................. 9
References .................................................... 10
2 Bitcoin:ADigitalCryptocurrency .............................. 13
RohitSaxena,DeepakArora,VishalNagar,andSatyasundaraMahapatra
2.1 Introduction ............................................. 14
2.2 BitcoinBlock’sStructure .................................. 15
2.2.1 BitcoinTransactions’Structure .................... 16
2.3 Bitcoin’sAnonymity&Privacy ............................ 19
2.4 MachineLearningApproachestoPricePrediction ............ 21
2.5 ThreatsandMachineLearningBasedSolution ............... 22
2.6 Conclusion .............................................. 24
References .................................................... 25
v
vi Contents
3 Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 4.0—The Evolutionary
TransformationofBlockchainTechnology ....................... 29
PratyusaMukherjeeandChittaranjanPradhan
3.1 Introduction ............................................. 29
3.2 FundamentalsofBlockchain ............................... 31
3.2.1 HistoricalBackground ............................ 31
3.2.2 BasicTerminologiesinBlockchain ................. 32
3.2.3 StructureofaBlock .............................. 33
3.2.4 TypesofBlockchain ............................. 34
3.3 TheEvolutionaryTransformationofBlockchain3.1 ........... 37
3.3.1 Blockchain1.0 .................................. 37
3.3.2 Blockchain2.0 .................................. 39
3.3.3 Blockchain3.0 .................................. 41
3.3.4 Blockchain4.0 .................................. 42
3.4 ComparisonofDifferentGenerationsofBlockchain ........... 43
3.5 ABlockchainBasedSupplyChainManagementTestcase ...... 44
3.6 Conclusion .............................................. 45
References .................................................... 46
4 AnatomyofBlockchainImplementationinHealthcare ............ 51
ShubhangiV.Urkude, HimanshuSharma,
SeethamsettyUdayKumar,andVijaykumarR.Urkude
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 52
4.1.1 CharacteristicsofBlockchain ...................... 52
4.1.2 FlowofBitcoinTransaction ....................... 53
4.1.3 TypesofEncryptionAlgorithms ................... 54
4.1.4 TypesofEncryptionAlgorithms ................... 55
4.1.5 Cryptocurrency .................................. 56
4.1.6 InitialCoinOffering(ICO) ........................ 56
4.1.7 TokensinBlockchain ............................ 57
4.2 BlockchaininHealthcare .................................. 58
4.3 BlockchainImplementationsinHealthcare ................... 59
4.3.1 BlockchaininMedicalInsurance ................... 59
4.3.2 Blockchain-BasedHealthcareInfrastructure ......... 61
4.3.3 BlockchaininDentalIndustry ..................... 61
4.3.4 PersonalHealthRecordManagement ............... 62
4.3.5 PharmaceuticalSupplyChain ..................... 63
4.3.6 Healthcare Information System Based
onBlockchain ................................... 63
4.3.7 BlockchaininGenomics .......................... 64
4.4 IssuesinBlockchainwithPotentialElucidations .............. 67
4.4.1 Scalability ...................................... 67
4.4.2 EnergyConsumption ............................. 67
4.4.3 ComplicationandExpenditure ..................... 67
4.4.4 LackofSupremacy .............................. 68
Contents vii
4.4.5 LackofCompatibilityandStandardization .......... 68
4.4.6 DataConfidentiality .............................. 68
4.4.7 StorageCapacity ................................ 68
4.5 Issues in Healthcare that Could Be Solved Using
BlockchainTechnology ................................... 69
4.5.1 Blockchain-BasedInsuranceinHealthcare .......... 69
4.5.2 MultimediaBlockchainSystem:AnImmutable
Connection ..................................... 70
4.5.3 Blockchain-BasedElectronicHealthRecords
(EHR) ......................................... 70
4.5.4 Blockchain Technology for Preventing
Counterfeit Drugs from Entering
inPharmaceuticalSupplyChain ................... 71
4.5.5 Blockchain Technology in Doctor-Patient
Interaction ...................................... 71
4.5.6 BlockchainforSharingGenomicData .............. 72
4.5.7 EnhancingClinicalTrialsandResearchUsing
BlockchainTechnology ........................... 73
4.5.8 DecentralizedArtificialIntelligenceinSecuring
HealthRecordsandDetectingAnomalies ........... 73
4.6 ConclusionsandFutureScopes ............................. 74
References .................................................... 74
5 ABlockchainFrameworkforHealthcareDataManagement
UsingConsensusBasedSelectiveMirrorTestApproach .......... 77
P.S.G.ArunaSriandD.LalithaBhaskari
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 77
5.1.1 BlockchainTechnology ........................... 79
5.2 RelatedWorks ........................................... 80
5.2.1 TraditionalHealthcareDataManagement ........... 80
5.2.2 Blockchain-BasedHealthcareDataManagement ..... 81
5.3 ProposedMethodology .................................... 83
5.3.1 ConsensusMechanism ........................... 83
5.3.2 TransactionLevelModeling ....................... 84
5.3.3 HealthDataInteroperability ....................... 84
5.3.4 FaultTolerance .................................. 87
5.4 ResultsandDiscussions ................................... 88
5.5 Conclusion .............................................. 89
References .................................................... 93
6 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: Opportunities
andChallenges ................................................ 97
SachikantaDash,PradoshKumarGantayat,andRajendraKumarDas
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 97
6.2 FundamentalsofBlockchainTechnology .................... 99
6.2.1 KeyCharacteristicFeatures ....................... 100
viii Contents
6.2.2 TypeofBlockchain .............................. 100
6.2.3 ConsensusMechanism ........................... 101
6.2.4 SmartContract .................................. 102
6.2.5 ChallengeandFuture ............................. 102
6.3 TheBlockchainProspectiveinHealthSector ................. 103
6.3.1 ManagementofDatainHealthcareSector ........... 104
6.3.2 ManagementinPharmacySector .................. 104
6.4 ProposedMethodology .................................... 106
6.4.1 SearchingStrategy ............................... 106
6.4.2 SelectionStrategy ............................... 107
6.4.3 SelectionStrategy ............................... 107
6.4.4 DataAnalysisMechanism ........................ 108
6.4.5 StrategyIncorporatesforAssessmentofQuality ..... 108
6.5 Findings ................................................ 109
6.6 Conclusion .............................................. 110
References .................................................... 110
7 BlockchaininHealthcareSystem:SecurityIssues,Attacks
andChallenges ................................................ 113
ArupSarkar,TanmoyMaitra,andSarmisthaNeogy
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 114
7.2 ArchitectureofBlockchainandExistingSystems ............. 116
7.3 SecuritiesinHealthcare:Requirements ...................... 117
7.3.1 DataSecurity ................................... 119
7.3.2 Interoperability .................................. 119
7.3.3 DataSharing .................................... 120
7.3.4 Mobility ........................................ 120
7.4 Applications ............................................. 120
7.4.1 PatientDataManagement ......................... 120
7.4.2 ClinicalAdjudication ............................. 121
7.4.3 MedicineSupplyChainManagement ............... 122
7.5 AnExampleApplication:Medshare ........................ 122
7.6 PossibleAttacksinBlockchain ............................. 126
7.7 IssuesandChallengestoDesignSecureProtocol ............. 129
7.8 ConclusionandFutureDirection ........................... 130
References .................................................... 131
8 ApplicationofBlockchainasaSolutiontotheReal-World
IssuesinHealthCareSystem ................................... 135
AmrutanshuPanigrahi, BibhuprasadSahu,
SatyaSobhanPanigrahi,MdSahilKhan,andAjayKumarJena
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 136
8.2 FeaturesofBlockchain .................................... 137
8.3 LiteratureSurvey ......................................... 140
8.4 WorkingofBlockchain .................................... 140
8.5 ApplicationofBlockChain ................................ 141
Contents ix
8.5.1 BlockchaininHealthCareSystemUseCase ......... 143
8.5.2 KeyBenefitsofBlockchaininHealthCare .......... 145
8.5.3 ChallengesofBlockchaininHealthcare ............. 146
8.6 Conclusion .............................................. 146
References .................................................... 147
9 UMLConceptual Analysis of Smart Contract for Health
ClaimProcessing .............................................. 151
SubhasisMohapatra,SmitaParija,andAbhishekRoy
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 152
9.2 BasicElementsofBlockChain ............................. 154
9.3 TransactioninBlockChain ................................ 156
9.4 EthereumBlockChain .................................... 157
9.5 Motivation .............................................. 158
9.6 SurveyofSmartContractinHealthClaimProcessing ......... 158
9.7 AnalysisofUMLModellingforBlockChainTechnique ....... 159
9.8 Algorithm ............................................... 162
9.9 SmartContractTerminologies .............................. 163
9.10 GasTerminologyinSmartContract ......................... 165
9.11 Conclusion .............................................. 166
References .................................................... 167
10 Enabling Smart Education System Using Blockchain
Technology ................................................... 169
A.R.Sathya,SandeepKumarPanda,andSudheerHanumanthakari
10.1 Background ............................................. 169
10.2 Introduction ............................................. 170
10.3 BlockchainApplicationinEducationalSector ................ 170
10.3.1 SecureStorageofCertificates ..................... 171
10.3.2 Multi-stepVerification ............................ 172
10.3.3 Student’sCreditTransfer ......................... 172
10.3.4 IntellectualPropertyTracking ..................... 172
10.3.5 FeePayment .................................... 173
10.4 CertificationProcess ...................................... 173
10.4.1 TraditionalCertificationProcess ................... 173
10.4.2 DigitalSignatures ................................ 174
10.5 Blockchain-BasedDigitalCertificates ....................... 175
10.6 Benefits and Challenges in Approving Blockchain
inEducation ............................................. 175
10.7 Conclusion .............................................. 177
References .................................................... 177
