Table Of ContentB C
LADDER ANCER
C C U
URRENT LINICAL ROLOGY
Eric A. Klein, SERIES EDITOR
Urologic Prostheses: The Complete Practical Guide to Devices, Their
Implantation, and Patient Followup,edited by Culley C. Carson, III, 2002
Male Sexual Function: A Guide to Clinical Management,edited by John
J. Mulcahy, 2001
Prostate Cancer Screening, edited by Ian M. Thompson, Martin I.
Resnick, and Eric A. Klein, 2001
Bladder Cancer: Current Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by Michael J.
Droller,2001
Office Urology: The Clinician’s Guide,edited by Elroy D. Kursh and
James C. Ulchaker, 2001
Voiding Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Treatment,edited byRodney A.
Appell,2000
Management of Prostate Cancer, edited by Eric A. Klein, 2000
B C
LADDER ANCER
C D
URRENT IAGNOSIS
T
AND REATMENT
Edited by
M J. D ,
ICHAEL ROLLER MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, NY
SPRINGER
SCIENCE+ BUSINES S MEDIA, LLC
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to ensure the accuracy of
the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have care-
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Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bladder cancer : current diagnosis and treatment/edited by Michael J. Droller.
p. ; cm. – (Current clinical urology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61737-202-5 ISBN 978-1-59259-097-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-097-1
1. Bladder–Cancer. I. Droller, Michael J. II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Bladder Neoplasms–diagnosis. 2. Bladder Neoplasms–therapy. WJ 504
B63185 2000]
RC280.B5 B637 2000
616.99’462–dc21 00-033523
P
REFACE
Bladder Cancer: Current Diagnosis and Treatment has been designed to
present state-of-the-art information on and understanding of the many aspects of
bladder cancer that factor into decisions regarding its assessment and treatment.
The guiding byword in this is the term “understanding,”and the authors were
thus asked to encapsulate their comprehensive knowledge of their specific topics,
offer their critical perspectives on the ever increasing amount of fresh data, and
provide their insights regarding precisely what meaningfully advances our
knowledge and understanding of bladder cancer.
The critical task in working toward this objective was to identify those who
could provide all of these attributes—knowledge, perspective, and insight—in
addressing the various areas that comprise this volume. In addition, because a
substantial number of issues might still be unresolved, or in many instances be
controversial, an attempt was made to recruit contributors who might offer
differing perspectives on a given topic. This permitted an exposition on both
sides of a given issue. Although this made the draft of each chapter a more
onerous undertaking, the final result was a more complete compendium of
reliably and objectively presented information.
I am indebted to each of our contributors for having undertaken their assign-
ments with enthusiasm and with a productive application of their uniquely valu-
able knowledge and perspectives. To those who tired of my frequent calls and
obsessive editing, I apologize. I do hope, however, that the final product reflects
the focused attention and tremendous effort that was invested.
I am grateful to each contributor for having educated me to an extent that I had
not anticipated. It is now time to share this with our readership with the hope that
the information contained in Bladder Cancer: Current Diagnosis and Treatment
will prove useful both as an information base and as a stimulant for further study.
Finally, I am grateful to Dr. Eric Klein of the Department of Urology, the
Cleveland Clinic Foundation, for having permitted me to organize and edit this
monograph; and to Mr. Paul Dolgert, Craig Adams, and the Humana Press for
all of their assistance in bringing this project to fruition.
Michael J. Droller, MD
v
C
ONTENTS
Preface...............................................................................................................v
List of Contributors..........................................................................................ix
1 Demographic and Epidemiologic Aspects of Bladder Cancer.................1
Gunnar Steineck
2 Biology and Molecular Aspects of Development
and Progression of Bladder Cancer.....................................................25
Dan Theodorescu and William A. See
3 Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer...................................................................57
Ichabod Jung, Edward M. Messing, and Yves Fradet
4 Diagnostic Imaging in Urothelial Cancer ...............................................85
Lynn Ladetsky, Harold Mitty, and Rosaleen B. Parsons
5 Urinary Cytology and its Role in Diagnosis
and Monitoring of Urothelial Carcinoma .........................................103
Hans Wijkström, William C. Baker, Arline D. Deitch,
and Ralph W. deVere White
6 The Use of Tumor Markers in Bladder Cancer
and Current Concepts on Clinical Applicability ..............................133
H. Barton Grossman
7 Pathologic Assessment of Bladder Cancer
and Pitfalls in Staging........................................................................149
Christer Busch, Debra Hawes, Sonny L. Johansson,
and Richard J. Cote
8 Intravesical Chemotherapy in the Treatment
of Superficial Bladder Cancer...........................................................183
Vincent G. Bird, Mark S. Soloway, and Per-Uno Malmström
9 Use of Intravesical BCG in Treatment of Superficial
Bladder Cancer...................................................................................225
Michael A. O’Donnell
vii
viii Contents
10 Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
in the Treatment of Infiltrative Bladder Cancer...............................267
John P. Stein, Donald G. Skinner, and James E. Montie
11 Considerations in the Use of Neoadjuvant
and Adjunctive Systemic Chemotherapy in Treatment
of Invasive Bladder Cancer by Cystectomy .....................................309
Seth P. Lerner and Derek Raghavan
12 Clinical Situations for the Role of Radiation Therapy
in the Treatment of Bladder Cancer..................................................327
Mary K. Gospodarowicz, Michael F. Milosevic, Padraiq Warde,
and Arthur T. Porter
13 Current Concepts of Urinary Diversion in Men ...................................343
Courtney M.P. Hollowell, Gary D. Steinberg,
and Randall G. Rowland
14 Current Concepts of Urinary Diversion in Women..............................367
Arnulf Stenzl and Georg Bartsch
15 Current Prospects for the Use of Molecular Markers
in Treatment of Bladder Cancer by Cystectomy
or Bladder-Conserving Approaches..................................................381
Guido Dalbagni, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, and Joel Sheinfeld
16 New Possibilities in Systemic Treatment
for Metastatic Bladder Cancer...........................................................393
Randall Millikan and Simon J. Hall
17 Statistical Considerations in the Phase II Evaluation
of New Therapies...............................................................................423
Randall Millikan and Peter F. Thall
Index..............................................................................................................439
C
ONTRIBUTORS
WILLIAM C. BAKER,MD • Department of Urology, University of California,
Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
GEORG BARTSCH,MD • Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck Medical
School, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
VINCENT G. BIRD,MD • Department of Urology, University of Miami School
of Medicine, Miami, FL
CHRISTER BUSCH,MD,PhD • Department of Pathology, University Hospital,
N9038 Tromsø, Norway
CARLOS CORDON-CARDO,MD,PhD • Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
RICHARD J. COTE,MD • Department of Pathology, University of Southern
California, Kenneth Norris Jr. Cancer Hospital and Research Institute,
Los Angeles, CA
GUIDO DALBAGNI,MD • Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, NY
ARLINE D. DEITCH,PhD • Department of Urology, University of California,
Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
RALPH W. DEVERE WHITE,MD • Department of Urology, University of California,
Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
MICHAEL J. DROLLER,MD • Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School
of Medicine, New York, NY
YVES FRADET,MD • Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec, Canada
MARY K. GOSPODAROWICZ,MD • Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess
Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
H. BARTON GROSSMAN,MD • Department of Urology, The University of Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
SIMON J. HALL,MD • Department of Urology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center,
New York, NY
DEBRA HAWES,MD • Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
COURTNEY M. P. HOLLOWELL,MD • Section of Urology, University of Chicago
Hospitals, Chicago, IL
SONNY L. JOHANSSON,MD,PhD • Department of Pathology and Microbiology,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
ix
x Contributors
ICHABOD JUNG,MD • Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical
Center, Rochester, New York
LYNN LADETSKY,MD • Department of Radiology, State University of New York,
Health Care Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY
SETH P. LERNER,MD • Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, TX
PER-UNO MALMSTRÖM,MD,PhD• Department of Urology, Uppsala University
Hospital, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Sweden
EDWARDM. MESSING,MD • Department of Urology, University of Rochester
Medical Center, Rochester, NY
RANDALL MILLIKAN,MD,PhD • Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology,
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
MICHAEL F. MILOSEVIC,MD • Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess
Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
HAROLD MITTY,MD • Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, NY
JAMES E. MONTIE,MD • Department of Urology, University of Michigan
School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
MICHAEL A. O’DONNELL,MD • Department of Urology, University of Iowa
Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
ROSALEEN B. PARSONS,MD • Department of Radiology, Fox Chase Cancer
Center, Philadelphia, PA
ARTHUR T. PORTER,MD • Department of Radiation Oncology, Detroit Medical
Center, Detroit, MI
DEREK RAGHAVAN,MD,PhD • USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
RANDALL G. ROWLAND,MD,PhD • Department of Surgery, Division of Urology,
University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY
WILLIAM A. SEE,MD • Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin at
Milwaukee School of Medicine, Milwaukee, WI
JOEL SHEINFELD,MD • Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
DONALD G. SKINNER,MD • Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
MARK S. SOLOWAY,MD • Department of Urology, University of Miami School
of Medicine, Miami, FL
JOHN P. STEIN,MD • Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer
Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
GARY D. STEINBERG,MD • University of Chicago Hospitals, Section of Urology,
Chicago, IL
GUNNAR STEINECK,MD • Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Epidemiology,
Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
xi Contributors
ARNULF STENZL,MD • Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck Medical
School, Austria
PETER F. THALL,PhD • Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
DAN THEODORESCU,MD,PhD • Department of Urology, University of Virginia
Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA
PADRAIQ WARDE,MD • Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret
Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
HANS WIJKSTRÖM,MD,PhD • Department of Urology, Huddinge University
Hospital,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
