Table Of ContentIn memory of
Voyennyy Tekhnik 1Ranga Ivan Vasilyevich Antipov,
chiefinstrument engineer of487 lAP - pva and
grandfather ofour good friend Vladislav Antipov, who has
rendered invaluable assistance to the work on this book
and to all airmen who gave their lives during the air war
on the Eastern Front, 1941 - 1945.
Copyright © 2001 by Christer Bergstrom and Andrey Mikhailov
All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Requests for permission to make copies ofany part ofthe work should be mailed to:
Permissions, Pacifica Military History, 1149 Grand Teton Drive, Pacifica, California 94044
Printed in Italy
ISBN 0~935553~51~7
Design by Colin Woodman Design
Cover painting by Eugene V. Alexeyenko
Aircraft profiles by Claes Sundin, Jim Laurier and Tom Tullis
Maps by Claes Sundin and Andrey Mikhailov
The author can be contacted at either:
christer.bergstrom@blackcross~redstar.comor [email protected]
The Black Cross/Red Star website is at www.blackcross~redstar.com
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bergstrom, Christer, 1958-
Black cross / red star: the air war over the Eastern Front/ Christer Bergstrom, Andrey Mikhailov
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-935553-51-7
1. World War, 1939-1945-Aerial operations, German. 2. World War, 1939-1945-Aerial operations, Soviet.
3. World War, 1939-1945-Campaigns-Soviet Union. I. Mikhailev, Andrey. II. Title.
D787.B4152000
940.54'217-dc21 037479
*
-~--' L1 - Contents
! .,....
Foreword vi
Glossary viii
SovietAlternative Aircraft Designations xiii
Maps xiv
PartI:The Legacy ofBarbarossa 19
Chapter 1: Two Crippled Armies 20
Chapter 2: The Luftwaffe in Early 1942 26
Chapter 3: The VVS in Early 1942 30
Chapter 4: Equipment and Methods 34
PartII:The SovietWinter Offensive 38
Chapter 5: Flying Artillery on the Central CombatZone 39
Chapter 6: Fire Brigade in the Northern Sector 55
Chapter7: Frustration in the South 70
Chapter 8: Winter Battles in the Crimea 79
PartIII: Stalemate 84
Chapter 9: The Demyansk and Kholm Airlift Operations 85
Chapter 10: Target: Red Banner Baltic Fleet 101
Chapter 11: Springtime on the Moscow Front 107
Chapter 12: Lessons Drawn 116
PartIV: Resurgence ofthe Luftwaffe 119
Chapter 13: The Ukrainian Spring 120
Chapter 14: Turn ofthe Tide atthe Black Sea 128
Chapter 15: The Battle for Air Supremacy in the Far North 139
PartV: Annihilation 152
Chapter 16: Carnage at Kerch 153
Chapter 17: The Battle of Kharkov 162
Chapter 18: Fire Over Murmansk 171
Chapter 19: Battles of Starvation: Leningrad and Lyuban 180
Chapter 20: The Sevastopolskiy Fighters 192
PartVI: Conclusions 207
Chapter 21: Twice Resurgent 208
Appendices 213
Appendix 1: Luftwaffe Combat Losses on the Eastern Front in 1942 214
Appendix 2: The Structure ofthe Luftwaffe 216
Appendix3: The Structure ofthe SovietAir Forces 217
Appendix 4: Rank Equivalency 220
Appendix 5: The Highest MilitaryAwards 221
Chapter Notes 222
Sources 225
Index 229
Foreword
Major a.D. Hansgeorg Batcher
Luftwaffe Bomber Pilot
Isalute the workby Christer Bergstromand Andrey Mikhailov, which gives an objective
description ofthe air war over Russia in 1942.
While serving with the Luftwaffe from the outbreak of World War II, in almost
uninterrupted front...line duties throughout the war, I experienced the air war against the
Soviet Union and have a particularly vivid memory of the air war over the Crimea in
1942, which I experienced as Staffelkapitan of 1. Staffel, Kampfgeschwader 100.
During those days we mainly operated from the Saki and Simferopol airdromes, and I
carriedoutaround twohundredsortiesasbomberpilotovertheCrimea. Ourmain targets
were the ports of Sevastopol and Kerch, which were held by Soviet troops. We encountered strong resistance from
powerful antiaircraft batteries and courageous Soviet fighter pilots, who did not hesitate to make nose...to...nose attacks
on us.
We had a very good relationship with the civilian population. We lived together with the villagers and celebrated
theirholidayswith them. WhenourunitwasstationedinSaki, theflight crewswerebilletedinthevillageofIvanovka.
In 1994 I made a private trip to Yalta, and from there I paid a visit to Ivanovka. The older villagers, who still
remembered 1942, gave me an overwhelminglywarmreception. They invitedme and thosewho accompaniedme (the
interpreter and the guide) into the house where I once had been billeted. They served us their bestfood and spoke of
the good memories they had ofthose days.
During the war, we soldiers were convinced that we had to wage this fight for our people and our Fatherland, and
we were prepared to sacrifice our lives. On every sortie, no crew member knew ifhe would return safe.
Those of us who survived took part in the reconstruction of our destroyed country after the war. Unfortunately,
these efforts in war and peace are no longer appreciated by some ofour citizens.
Ihope that this bookwill find a broad audience, and Iam sure that itwill contribute to dismantling the remaining
hostility between our peoples.
Hansgeorg Batcher
Major a.D.
Bomber pilot with KG 27, KGr lOa/KG 100, KG 4,
Kommodore KG(J) 54
vi
BlackCross/Red Star
Foreword
Guards Polkovnik Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Pavlichenko
WS BomberandGround...attaek Pilot
We, the former front...line soldiers, often look back at those days ofthe war that were so
hard to all ofus. Why? Because the warhadsomething to tell all ofus. It taughteach
one ofus ofhis own value. Even when a man was tormented by the hell ofshame, he had
pangs of conscience when he could be forgiven for some mistake. To us, the war was a
reference mark to which we adhere to even present time.
The war rallied all ofus, but each man had his own personal experience, his own first
taste ofcombat, his ownfear, his ownfirst setbacks and successes. But there was hardly any
happiness in this. I can't remember a single combat sortie when I was not subjected to fire
from the ground. Attacks by enemy fighters were nothing rare, particularly early in the war when the relation offorces
were not in ourfavor.
On every operation there were mutual losses. Both sides had their heroes, their patriots. It couldn't be otherwise. It
was necessary to cultivate a beliefinvictory. Undoubtedly, the people on bothsides suffered hard.
Iserved inaviationfor more thanthirty;twoyears. Foreightyears, between 1933 and 1942, Iserved incivilaviation,
during which time I accumulated more than five thousand flight hours. After that, I served twenty;four years with the
WS-advancingfrom ordinary pilot to command a Diviziya, from Leytenant to Polkovnik.
Aviation is myprofession and my pride. After all, the following words were not saidfor nothing:
Not in vain the people regardas the pride ofthe nation,
Those who were, who are, who will be in the aviation!
Having made it through two wars-the war with Finland and the Great Patriotic War of 1941...1945-1 am able to look
back on 138 combat sorties with the Su;2, the 11;2, and the II;10. I was shot down three times and injured three times.
Butdue to somekind ofmiracle, Isurvived. All ofuswho managed to stay alive are indebted to ourfallen comrades. We
shall neverforget them. We shall not allow them to be forgotten!
At the outbreak ofthe war, I served with 210 BBA~ During the course ofthe war, 220 men ofthis regiment were
killed in combat; 85 ofthem were pilots. 108 GShAP, with which Iflew from December 1943 until May 1945, lost 117
men incombat; fifty;eight ofthemwere pilots. It is clearthat there was no such thing as an invulnerable aircraft, even if
the 11;2 was considered a "FlyingTank."
The authors ofthis bookhave made aneffortto review, to reconstruct, and to compare the outcome ofairoperations
during the war. This is a most difficult task, ifone has an objective, truthful, and documentary approach. After all, not
everybulletor every bombhit the intended target. The pilot's battlefield was the sky. How difficult is it to find outwhat
happened toanaircrewthatwasblownup inmidairbyadirecthitofanantiaircraftshellorshotinpiecesbyfighters over
enemy;heldterritory?Forinstance, betweenJune 1941 andApril 1942, 210 BBAP, outfittedwithSu;2s, carriedout3,474
combatsortiesanddroppedsixteenthousandbombs.Theoretically, thiswassufficienttowipeoutfour divisionsofground
troops. But the real efficiencydid not exceed 10 to 12 percent.
Nevertheless, the authors, having made this interesting approach, have arrived at staggering results. The reader will
be convincedofthis.
Iwish that Icould tell all authors that deal with the history ofthese events: Don't try, don't you dare try, to speak in
our place. Don't you dare to depict us as downtrodden, benighted, deceived, or credulous. Our life was full;blooded and
honest. There was everything in it. We are the only ones who can tell you what was falsehood and what was real life.
After all, there are several among us that still are alive, although we are passing away. God forbid that the lively, sacred,
warm light ofmemoryshall fade.
It is no coincidence that there is a slogan at the entrance ofthe museum of108 GShAP inLyubertsy that reads: "To
uphold the purity ofthe pastand the presentmeans to believe in the future."
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Pavlichenko
Guards Polkovnik (Ret.)
Bomberpilotwith 210 BBAB Ground;attackpilotwith 108 GShAP
Honorary citizenofthe cities ofRava;Russkaya, Konotop, and Lyubertsy
*
~ Glossary
~
and Guide to Abbreviations
AAA: antiaircraftartillery. BAP: (Bombardirovochnyy AviatsionyyPolk) Sovietbomber
AB: (AviatsionnayaBrigada) Sovietaviationbrigade;usually aviationregiment.
composedofafewregiments and/orindependentsquadrons. Barbarossa: CodenameoftheGermanattackontheSoviet
AD: (AviatsionnayaDiviziya) Sovietaviationdivision. Unionin 1941.
ADD: (AviatsiyaDal'negoDeystviya) SovietLong..rangeAviation; BBAP: (Blizhnebombardirovochnyy AviatsionnyyPolk) Sovietshort..
an independentbranchofaviation,directlysubordinateto range bomberaviationregiment.
StavkaVGK. FormedonMarch5, 1942. Bell: U.S. aircraftdesigner.
Adler: "Eagle" (thenameofKG30). Beriyev: Sovietaircraftdesigner.
AE: (AviatsionnayaEskadrilya) Sovietaviationsquadron. Bf: (Bayerische Flugzeugwerke) Germanaircraftdesigner; original
Aerialvictory: A confirmedshot..downenemyaircraft. designationofMesserschmitt 109and 110.
Alfarez: Spanishmilitaryrank, equivalenttoUSAAFsecond Bf 108: GermanMesserschmittsingle..engineliaisonandtraining
lieutenant. aircraft.
Airacobra: U.S...designedsingle..engine Bellp..39single..seat Bf 109: GermanMesserschmittsingle..engine, single..seatfighter.
fighter. Bf 110: GermanMesserchmitttwin..engine, two..placeheavy
AM: Refers toAleksandrMikulin, Sovietdesignerofaviation fighter andfighter..bomber.
engines. Blitz: Lightning (thenameofKG3).
AM..35A: Soviethigh..altitude twelve..cylinderliquid..cooled Blitzkrieg: "LightningWar."
Mikulinengine. BMW: (Bayerische MotorenWerke) Germanenginedesigner.
AM..38: Sovietlow..altitude twelve..cylinderliquid..cooledMikulin Boelcke: ThenameofKG 27 (adoptedafterWorldWarIace
engine. OswaldBoelcke).
ANT: Refers toAndreyNikolayevichTupolev,Sovietaircraft Boston: BritishdesignationofU.S...designedDouglasA..20Havoc
designer. twin..enginelightattackbomber.
AP: (Aviatsionnyy Polk) Sovietaviationregiment. BV: (BlohmundVoss) Germanaircraftdesigner.
Aufklarung: Reconnaissance (German). BV 138: GermanBlohmundVossthree..engine, six..place
Aufklarungsgruppe: Germanreconnaissanceaviationgroup. reconnaissanceflyingboat.
AufklObdL: (Aufkliirungsgruppe OberbefehlshaberderLuftwaffe) CapitanProvicional: Spanishmilitaryrank, equivalenttocaptain.
Germanreconnaissanceaviationgroupofthecommanderof CapitanoPUota: ItalianAirForcerank, equivalenttocaptain.
theLuftwaffe. Caproni: Italianaircraftdesigner.
Ar: (Arado) Germanaircraftdesigner. Ca.311: ItalianCapronitwin..enginereconnaissance..bomber.
Ar: (Arkhangel'ski) Sovietaircraftdesigner. Chayka: "Seagull,"SovietPolikarpovsingle..engine,1..153single..
Ar..2: Sovietdive..bomberversionoftheSBtwin..enginebomber. seatbiplanefighter.
Ar95: Germansingle..engineAradothree..placereconnaissance Che: Chetverikov,Sovietaircraftdesigner.
biplane. Che..2: SovietChetverikovtwin..engineamphibian
AviabrigadaorAviatsionnayaBrigada: Sovietaviationbrigade. reconnaissanceaircraft.
AviadiviziyaorAviatsionnayaDiviziya: Sovietaviationdivision. Chetverikov: Sovietaircraftdesigner.
AviaeskadrUyaorAviatsionnayaEskadrilya: Sovietaviation ChF: (Chemomorskiy Flot) SovietBlackSeaFleet.
squadron. Comandante: Spanishmilitaryrank, equivalenttolieutenant..
Aviakorpus orAviatsionnyyKorpus: Sovietaviationcorps. colonel.
AviapolkorAviatsionnyyPolk: Sovietaviationregiment. Curtiss: U.S. aircraftdesigner.
AviatsiyaVoyenno..MorskogoFlota: SovietNavyAirForce, "Curtiss": AnincorrectGermanidentificationoftheSoviet
VVS..VMR Polikarpovsingle..engine1..153single..seatbiplanefighter.
AviatsionnayaShkolaPervonachal'nogoObucheniya: Soviet DB: Daimler..Benz,Germanenginedesigner.
primaryflight trainingschool. DB: (Dal'niy Bombardirovshchik) Sovietlong..rangebomber.
Aviazveno Svyazi: Sovietliaisonflight. DB..3: SovietIlyushintwin..enginebomber.
BA: (BombardirovochnayaArmiya) Sovietbomberaviationarmy. DB..3F: ModifiedversionofSovietIlyushintwin..engine
BAB (BombardirovochnayaAviatsionnayaBrigada) Sovietbomber bomber/torpedobomber,redesignated11..4fromMarch26,
aviationbrigade. 1942.
BAD: (BombardirovochnayaAviatsionnayaDiviziya) Sovietbomber DBA: (Dal'ne...BombardirovochnayaAviatsiya) Sovietlong..range
aviationdivision. bomberaviation; partofVVS; onMarch5,1942,reorganized
BAK: (Bombardirovochnyy AviatsionyyKorpus) Sovietbomber into the independentADD.
aviationcorps. DBAP: (Dal'nebombardirovochnyy AviatsionnyyPolk) Sovietlong..
BAO: (BatalyonAerodromnogoObsluzhivaniya) Sovietairfield range bomberaviationregiment.
servicebattalion.
viii
Glossary
DFS: (Deutsche Forschungsinstitutfur Segelflugzeuge) Institutefor Fw 200: GermanFockeWulffour--engine maritime
SailplaneResearch, Germansailplaneandgliderdesigner. reconnaissancebomberandtransportaircraft.
DFS 230: GermanGothaassaultglider. G orGv: (Gvardeyskiy) SovietGuards; seebelow.
Direction: SupremeandcentrallycommandedRedArmy GeneralderJagdflieger: Germanfighter aviationGeneral; the
operationalzonesontheSoviet--Germanfront. Thisformation InspectorofFighterAviation.
usuallycomprisedseveralRedArmyFronts (i.e., armygroups). GeneralWever: ThenameofKG4 (adoptedafterthefirst chief
Thedirectionsexistedonlyfor abriefperiodduringthewar. ofstaffoftheLuftwaffe, GeneralWaltherWever).
TheNorthwestern, Western, andSouthwesterndirections GermanCross inGold: (Deutsches KreuzinGold) German
wereformed onJuly 10, 1941, thendisbanded inAugustand militaryaward, belowtheKnight"sCross.
September1941.Newdirectionswereformed brieflylaterin Geschwader: Germanaviationwing, composedofthree orfour
thewar: theSouthwesternDirection (December24, 1941, Gruppen.
throughJune 23, 1942); theWesternDirection (February 1, Geschwaderkommodore: Germanaviationwingcommander.
1942, throughMay5, 1942);and theNorthcaucasian GKO: (Gosudarstvennyy KomitetOborony) SovietState
Direction(April26, 1942, throughMay20, 1942). Committeefor Defense.
Diviziya: Sovietaviationwing; usuallycomposedofthree tosix Go 242: GermanGothaairbornecargoglider.
regiments in 1942. Gorbatyy: "Hunchback,"Sovietnicknamefor the 11--2ground-
Do: Dornier,Germanaircraftdesigner. attackaircraft.
Do 17: GermanDorniertwin--enginebomberandreconnaissance Gosplan SSSR: (Gosudarstvennaya PlanovayaKomissiya USSR)
aircraft. StatePlanningCommitteeoftheUSSR.
Do 24: GermanDornierthree--enginereconnaissanceflying boat. Greif: "Griffin,"thenameofKG 55.
Do 215: GermanDorniertwin--engine, three--placebomberand Gruppe: Germanaviationgroup; usuallythreeStaffeln, seebelow.
reconnaissanceaircraft. Gruppenkommandeur: Germanaviationgroupcommander.
Douglas: u.S. aircraftdesigner. Gruppo: Italianaviationgroup.
Edelweiss: ThenameofKG 51. Gruppo AutonomoCacciaTerrestre: An independentItalian
Erganzungsgruppe: Germanreplacementaviationgroup. fighter aviationgroup.
ErgGr: (Erganzungsgruppe) Germanreplacementaviationgroup. Griinherz: "GreenHeart," thenameofJG54.
Escadrila: Romaniansquadron. GST: (GidrosamolyotTransportnyy) Transporthydroplane; Soviet
Eskadrilya: Sovietsquadron. license--builtU.S.--designedConsolidatedPBY--1 twin--engine
Experten: Germandesignationforfighteraces. maritimereconnaissancebomberhydroplane.
F: (Fernaufklarung) Germanlong--distance (strategic) Guards: HonorarySoviettitle tospecially
reconnaissanceaviation. distinguishedunits.
FAB: (FugasnayaAviatsionnayaBomba) Soviethigh--explosive GULAG: (Glavnoye Upravleniye Lagerey) SovietMain
aviationbomb. AdministrationofCamps;NKVDdepartmentresponsiblefor
Falco: ItalianFiatsingle--engineCR.42 single--seatbiplanefighter. the maintenanceofprisonersandprison~mps.
FARR: (Fortele AerieneRegaleale Romaniei) RoyalRomanianAir Gv: See"Guards."
Force. GVF: (Grazhdanskiy Vozdushnyy Flot) SovietCivilAirFleet;
Femaufklarungsgruppe: Germanlong--distance (strategic) civilianaviation.
reconnaissanceaviationgroup. H: (Heeresaufklarung) GermanArmy (tactical) reconnaissance
Fi: Fieseler,Germanaircraftdesigner. aviation.
Fiat: (FabricaltalianaAutomobiliTorino) Italianaircraftandcar Hawker: Britishaircraftdesigner.
designer. He: Heinkel, Germanaircraftdesigner.
FiatBR.20: ItalianFiattwin--enginereconnaissancebomber. He 46: GermanHeinkelsingle--engine, two--placereconnaissance
Fi 156Storch: GermanFieselersingle--engineliaisonand aircraft.
reconnaissanceaircraft. He 59: GermanHeinkeltwin--enginereconnaissanceand torpedo
Flak: (Fliegerabwehrkanone) Germanantiaircraftartillery. bomberfloatbiplane.
Flieger: Germanairmen. He 70: GermanHeinkelsingle--enginereconnaissanceand liaison
Fliegerdivision: Germanaviationdivision. aircraft.
Fliegerfiihrer: German"aviationcommand";commandofthe He Ill: GermanHeinkel twin--engine, five--place bomberand
aviationwithinadefinedgeographicalarea. torpedo aircraft.
Fliegerkorps: Germanaviationcorps. He 113: SovietmisidentificationofBf109Fand Bf109G
Flotiliya: Sovietflotilla; asmallregionalfleet. fighters.
Flugzeugfiihrerschule: Germanpilottrainingschool. He 114: GermanHeinkelsingle--engine, two--placereconnaissance
FockeWulf: Germanaircraftdesigner. floatplane.
Freya: Germanearly--warningradarequipment. He 115: GermanHeinkeltwin--engine, three--place torpedo
Front: Sovietequivalentofarmygroup. bomber.
Fw: FockeWulf,Germanaircraftdesigner. Heeresaufklarungsgruppe: GermanArmy (tactical)
Fw 189Uhu: GermanFockeWulftwin--engine, three--seat reconnaissanceaviationgroup.
reconnaissanceaircraft. Heinkel: Germanaircraftdesigner.
Fw 190: GermanFockeWulfsingle--engine,single--seatfighter. Henschel: Germanaircraftdesigner.
ix
