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30 Pages·2015·26.86 MB·English

20
C H A P T E R
The Industrial my
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Revolution and Its Archiv
ory
Hist
Impact on European d
ng Worl
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ar Society PowerloomsinanEnglishtextilefactory
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Cengage product.
d d
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ah
nal blis
yet fihe pu MAJOR CONCEPTS
ot h t GreatBritainwasendowedwiththerawmaterialsand n WhatrolesdidwomenplayintheIndustrialRevolution,
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ontent is al or mat tRahneedvwomlouarrtkikoienntgs.pfBoorriptfiuisnlhaitscihooenldonngeioeesoddseusd,pwtpolhibeildeegbtihnoetthhperaarIwlniadmmuesatntretiraairalyls n aHnodwhodwidwtheereIntdhuesytraianldRtehveoirlufatimonilileesaadffteoctcehdanbgyeist?in
This cmateri governmentandliberalBritishsocietypromotedinvention transportationandcommunication?
d. nt andcapitalisticgain.Industrializationmovedintosome
Learning. All Rights Reservee this page will contain curre ccRapuwooonrfruoobuudnsmmanlsedlintaweaorcisnitz,kieee.naemsd(odtKoiifuottonehssrrnyteeevtr.shiaCefoaIoelftluuofiiraczrnemccloaicteettnaeeoisntrotp.iietotntnWdhsmnewe3nfhooa.sat1edmftsw,raeneiht3slieeyti.iwon,2ht)sfdwtttseoItrhhtorruoeaiecaclknidelstassuuhlopibnrpocoyeppllresdarostas,ooaarsstmintcetnieidosoadornflanutthencrsauEdletdnarlusdiertashrorloseilsezptwrgaeoutrhifoacootnwnudtrhe TaNpoelartHtahirenpleErycoerildnpFpeilRoantehrnEseteitsNicenpoeCcoafnoHnltEnihtqueiRccuqraEoeuelnpVsastteltOsulr.yursLDipcreUaurtsuepT,rariiaIndedOngooamNntfthhadFdenerrsryalatanurmotecnefveantoet,ihiinlacgueanghtldriltfoeyeatvneshaoh—nnelituodhatnnqiaoutnnoidcakryly
ge nte communication.(KeyConcept3.5) industrialone—wastransformingtheeconomicand
aa
4 Cengot guar ssoocmiaelwsthrautclteusrsedorfamEuartoicpaell,ya.lthoughmoreslowlyand
© 201does n AP¤ THEMATIC QUESTIONS indTushteriaInldpurostdruiacltiRoenv.oNluetwionsocuarucesesdoafeqnuearngtyumandlepapowiner,
TO THINK ABOUT AS YOU READ especiallycoalandsteam,replacedwindandwatertorun
machinesthatsignificantlydecreasedtheuseofhuman
n WhatadvantagesdidGreatBritainhavethatalloweditto
andanimallaborandatthesametimeincreased
industrializefirst?
productivity.Thisinturncalledfornewwaysof
n Howdidrulersandgovernmentstakeadvantageofthe organizinghumanlabortomaximizethebenefitsand
industrializationoftheircountriestoenhancetheirpower? profitsfromthenewmachines;factoriesreplaced
workshopsandhomeworkrooms.Manyearlyfactories
n Whydidindustrializationfailtotakeholdasquicklyin
weredreadfulplaceswithdifficultworkingconditions.
easternandsouthernEuropeasithadintheWest?
Reformers,appalledattheseconditions,wereespecially
n HowdidtheIndustrialRevolutionaffectbothmiddle-class criticalofthetreatmentofmarriedwomen.Onereported,
factoryownersandlower-classworkers? ‘‘Wehaverepeatedlyseenmarriedfemales,inthelast
596
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stageofpregnancy,slavingfrommorningtonightbeside in the methods of farming and stock breeding that character-
thesenever-tiringmachines,andwhen...theywere ized this agricultural transformation led to a significant
obligedtositdowntotakeamoment’sease,andbeing increase in food production. British agriculture could now
seenbythemanager,werefinedfortheoffense.’’But feed more people at lower prices with less labor. Unlike peo-
therewerealsoexamplesofwell-runfactories.William ple in the rest of Europe, even ordinary British families did
CobbettdescribedoneinManchesterin1830:‘‘Inthis not have to use most of their income to buy food, giving
room,whichislightedinthemostconvenientand them the potential to purchase manufactured goods. At the
beautifulmanner,therewerefivehundredpairsoflooms same time, rapid population growth in the second half of
atwork,andfivehundredpersonsattendingthoselooms; the eighteenth century provided a pool of surplus labor for
and,owingtothegoodnessofthemasters,thewhole the new factories of the emerging British industry. Rural
lookinghealthyandwell-dressed.’’ workers in cottage industries also provided a potential labor
DuringtheIndustrialRevolution,Europeexperienced forceforindustrialenterprises.
ashiftfromatraditional,labor-intensiveeconomybased
onfarmingandhandicraftstoamorecapital-intensive SUPPLY OF CAPITAL Britain had a ready supply of capital
economybasedonmanufacturingbymachines, for investment in the new industrial machines and the facto-
specializedlabor,andindustrialfactories.Although ries that were needed to house them. In addition to profits
theIndustrialRevolutiontookdecadestospread,itwas fromtradeandcottageindustry,Britainpossessedaneffective g
n
trulyrevolutionaryinthewayitfundamentallychanged central bank and well-developed, flexible credit facilities. ni
Europeans,theirsociety,andtheirrelationshiptothe Nowhere in Europe were people so accustomed to using pa- ear
L
receonsuctonoutfrryatshgieeddewmtooralusdsr.bmTanhoevaerdmeeavese,nltwosphomefrepeneitomoppfleelarfsrrogonemaflatchteories pfpaercortfioitrneysdtrofuwrmonmeenrtsthswetoeerigefahcmtieleietrnactthhea-cnceatnsptiautanrlydtcreaonntttsraaegcpetrioeinnndes.uusrMtsraywn.hyOofeah1ra1ldy0 Cengage product.
d d
coexistencereplacedthetraditionalintimacyofrurallife. cotton-spinning mills in operation in the area known as the anhe
Higherlevelsofproductivityledtoasearchfornew Midlandsbetween1769and1800,fully62wereestablishedby nal blis
fiu
sourcesofrawmaterials,newconsumptionpatterns, hosiers,drapers,mercers,andothersinvolvedinsomefashion yet he p
andarevolutionintransportationthatallowedraw inthecottagetextileindustry. ot h t
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mamprroaiodtuledenrlteidaarlctisahlatae)snswsduaonbfirdsnltdiaas.nhhTteiuhdaglelpeycrirotnerddaaunuticssotftsnorirtaomolfwebadeowrtmrkeaoiandlvtighetidycolnaqinasusldicus(ookscltryriaiall pwEaAerRrteLoYifntthIeNereDsstUtoeSrdyTi.RnBIAmriLtaakiEninNhgTaRpdrEoaPfiRftasEirNifnEtuhUmeRbSoeprBpuooftrtiuncnadpiitviytiadpluraeislssewnotnhelody This content is material or mat
relationships. itself (see the box on p. 598). The British were a people, as d. nt
ee
TGhreeaIntdBuristtariinal Revolution in octrCgnioornoooonlemnlnumestihcpicentoiisnemovfttnoeftatlrihpy,tnitaerewnoaBrsngsrheh.rdievteaaressieinsnnistdv,apeieiuevodnnil,pditlteihu‘ik‘cofaeaapcllslelytcenhp.i’ntao’wuatwNrthoeyeoodfrhtfbdhaaryovedesuotwahrbebeetedsdlaoptlhiletinunhedtnitaEsochntrvneedsagattlhatciioestoaehnnmsadnrimosnenveeoeonrtfcclvhuoeiea---, arning. All Rights Reservhis page will contain curr
FOCUSQUESTIONS:WhywasGreatBritainthefirst Nevertheless, these early industrial entrepreneurs faced Lee t
statetohaveanIndustrialRevolution?Whydidit considerable financial hazards. Fortunes were made quickly age ante
hfeaaptupreensionfBthrietanienwwihnednusittrdiaidl?syWstehmatcwreeraetetdhebybathsiec ainnddivliodsutajlusotrasfaqmuiilcyklpyr.oEparrielytofirsrhmips hwaadsathfleuidussutarulcmtuorde.eAonf 4 Cengot guar
1n
IndustrialRevolution? operation,butentrepreneursalsobroughtinfriendstohelp— 20es
© do
and just as easily jettisoned them. John Marshall, who made
Although the Industrial Revolution evolved over a long pe- money in flax spinning, threw his partners out: ‘‘As they
riodoftime,historiansgenerallyagreethatitbeganinBritain could neither of them be of any further use, I released them
sometime after 1750. By 1850, the Industrial Revolution had fromthefirmandtookthewholeuponmyself.’’1
madeGreatBritainthewealthiestcountryintheworld;ithad
alsospreadtotheEuropeancontinentandtheNewWorld.In MINERAL RESOURCES Britain had ample supplies of impor-
another fifty years, both Germany and the United States tantmineralresources,suchascoalandironore,neededinthe
wouldsurpassBritaininindustrialproduction. manufacturingprocess.Britainwasalsosmall,sothe resources
hadtobetransportedonlyrelativelyshortdistances.Inaddition
to nature’s provision of abundant rivers, from the mid-seven-
Origins
teenth century onward, both private and public investment
A number of factors or conditions coalesced in Britain to pro- pouredintotheconstructionofnewroads,bridges,and,begin-
duce the first Industrial Revolution. One of these was the ag- ning inthe 1750sand1760s,canals.By 1780,roads, rivers, and
ricultural revolution of the eighteenth century. The changes canals linked the major industrial centers of the North, the
TheIndustrialRevolutioninGreatBritain n 597
The Traits of the British Industrial Entrepreneur
RICHARDARKWRIGHT(1732–1792),INVENTOROFAspinning coarseasitwasboldandactive,andhismannerswererough
frameandfounderofcottonfactories,wasagood andunpleasing....
exampleofthesuccessfulentrepreneurintheearly ThemostmarkedtraitsinthecharacterofArkwright
IndustrialRevolutioninBritain.Inthisselection,Edward werehiswonderfulardor,energy,andperseverance.He
Baines,writingin1835,discussesthetraitsthatexplain commonlylaboredinhismultifariousconcernsfromfive
thesuccessofArkwrightandpresumablyotherBritish o’clockinthemorningtillnineatnight;andwhen
entrepreneurs. considerablymorethanfiftyyearsofage,—feelingthatthe
defectsofhiseducationplacedhimundergreatdifficultyand
Edward Baines, The History of the Cotton
inconvenienceinconductinghiscorrespondence,andinthe
Manufacture in Great Britain generalmanagementofhisbusiness,—heencroachedupon
hissleep,inordertogainanhoureachdaytolearnEnglish
RichardArkwrightrosebytheforceofhisnaturaltalents
grammar,andanotherhourtoimprovehiswritingand
fromaveryhumbleconditioninsociety.Hewasbornat
orthography[spelling]!Hewasimpatientofwhatever
Prestononthe23rdofDecember,1732,ofpoorparents:
interferedwithhisfavoritepursuits;andthefactistoo
g beingtheyoungestofthirteenchildren,hisparentscould
nin onlyaffordtogivehimaneducationofthehumblestkind, strikinglycharacteristicnottobementioned,thathe
ar separatedfromhiswifenotmanyyearsaftertheirmarriage,
e andhewasscarcelyabletowrite.Hewasbroughtuptothe
L
d Cengage d product. thbreiamcdosemeolfefiapnobtshasraebtsesberudastionKfeiasrskcahhtaemBmoialctnaoldnpPirnorectsehtseosnyf,oeaarnrdd1y7ee6isn0tag.bHhliusahvmeinadgn b[sboeemccaaeuusosefeshohifse,tehcxeopneimvriimpnrceaencdttiatclhamaltnohadteeuwlrseoooufflmdhiasstcahsrcivnheeermhyi.essAf]a,rmkbwriloyrkigeht
anhe hair,whichinthatday(whenwigswereuniversal)wasof wasasevereeconomistoftime;and,thathemightnotwaste
final ublis considerablevalue,hetraveledaboutcollectinghair,and amoment,hegenerallytraveledwithfourhorses,andata
yet he p againdisposingofitwhendyed.In1761,hemarriedawife veryrapidspeed.HisconcernsinDerbyshire,Lancashire,and
ot h t fromLeigh,andtheconnectionshethusformedinthattown Scotlandweresoextensiveandnumerous,asto[show]at
nc
This content is material or mat aHhmrimieagthshsuese’lpmsfpmeaoxtsaipecnesdi,rfietwmostheehindcathvsaehisnaetrfmtoiesnrasgwktaiabntreegddnssttpbofiornohrnuaeivngxeghptefmorhilaimlmochewnianectdesqsuiw.naHiitnhetesdowith ogghrenimancseespreihanlfliglsywasamsptsioraainnt.igasgaIhnieinndmegrian.pnosyuwcoehfrtaohfewstaeryahn,esthahcaatti,dnwgphabroutensvienererss,lsobaustnt,dhheheisall
ed. ent muchdevotednessastohaveneglectedhisbusinessand HISTORICALTHINKINGSKILL:Contextualization
arning. All Rights Reservhis page will contain curr ieSnonujtruceerr:epFdrroimhsiiTnshegcH,iirsactnourdymosfstthtueabnCboctoteosrn.nMlHaynuifpsacentruarseteuinvrGearreliandtBgirs:itpahionisbsiytmEidowinnarddwBwaaisnaesasr(aLdosnednont:,Fisher,Fisher,andJHraeckoflsowenc,d1t8iE3d5n)A,lipgrpk.h1wt9er5i–ng9m6h.te’sncthvaarluaectse?randpractices
Lee t
ge nte Midlands, London, and the Atlantic. Unlike the Continental able to transport goods anywhere in the world. A crucial fac-
aa
4 Cengot guar cdooumnetrsiteics,trBadrieta.in had no internal customs barriers to hinder tporrodinucBercithaeinap’slysuthceceasrstfiuclleisndmuossttriainlizdaetmionandwaasbrtohaed.abAinlidtythtoe
© 201does n ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Britain’s government also played a bperosttemcteadrktehtseiraborwonadinwcieprieenntointdiunstEriuesr,opbeu,twinhtehreeAcmouenrticriaess,
significant role in the process of industrialization. Parliament
Africa,andtheEast,wherepeoplewantedsturdy,inexpensive
contributed to the favorable business climate by providing a
clothes rather than costly, highly finished luxury items. Brit-
stable government and passing laws that protected private
ain’s machine-produced textiles fulfilled that demand. Nor
property. Moreover, Britain was remarkable for the freedom
should we overlook the British domestic market. Britain had
it provided for private enterprise. It placed fewer restrictions
thehigheststandardoflivinginEuropeandarapidlygrowing
onprivateentrepreneursthananyotherEuropeanstate.
population.AsDanielDefoenotedalreadyin1728:
MARKETS Finally,asupplyofmarketsgaveBritishindustrial- Fortherest,weseetheirHousesandLodgingstolerablyfur-
ists a ready outlet for their manufactured goods. British nished, at least stuff’d well with useful and necessary house-
exports quadrupled between 1660 and 1760. In the course of hold Goods: Even those we call poor People, Journeymen,
its eighteenth-century wars and conquests, Great Britain had workingandPains-takingPeopledothus;theylyewarm,live
developed a vast colonial empire at the expense of its leading inPlenty,workhard,andknownoWant.ThesearethePeo-
Continental rivals, the Dutch Republic and France. Britain ple that carry off the Gross of your Consumption; ‘tis for
also possessed a well-developed merchant marine that was these your Markets are kept open late on Saturday nights;
598 n CHAPTER20 TheIndustrialRevolutionandItsImpactonEuropeanSociety
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becausetheyusuallyreceivetheirWeek’sWageslate....Ina broughtthelaborersandtheirfamiliestoliveinthenewtowns
Word,thesearetheLifeofourwholeCommerce,andallby thatrapidlygrewuparoundthefactories.
their Multitude: Their Numbers are not Hundreds or Thou- Theearlydevicesusedtospeeduptheprocessesofspinning
sands, or Hundreds of Thousands, but Millions; ... by their and weaving were the products of weavers and spinners—
Wages they are able to live plentifully, and it is by their ex- in effect, of artisan tinkerers. But the subsequent expansion of
pensive, generous, free way of living, that the Home Con- thecottonindustryandtheongoingdemandforevenmorecot-
sumption is rais’d to such a Bulk, as well of our own, as of tongoodscreatedadditionalpressurefornewandmorecompli-
foreignProduction.2 cated technology. The invention that pushed the cotton
industry to even greater heights of productivity was the steam
This demand from both domestic and foreign markets and
engine.
the inability of the oldsystem to fulfill itled entrepreneurs to
seek and adopt the new methods of manufacturing that a se-
THE STEAM ENGINE The steam engine revolutionized the
riesofinventionsprovided.Insodoing,theseindividualsiniti-
productionofcottongoodsandallowedthefactorysystemto
atedtheIndustrialRevolution.
spread to other areas of production, thereby securing whole
new industries. The steam engine thus ensured the triumph
Technological Changes and New
oftheIndustrialRevolution.
Forms of Industrial Organization In the 1760s, a Scottish engineer, James Watt (1736–1819),
g
created an engine powered by steam that could pump water n
In the 1770s and 1780s, the cotton textile industry took the ni
from mines three times as quickly as previous engines. In ar
firstmajorsteptowardtheIndustrialRevolutionwiththecre- Le
aTtHioEnCoOfTthTeOmNoIdNeDrnUfSaTcRtoYryA.lready in the eighteenth century, 1wan7h8de2nt,huWhseadtdrtievveeexlmpoapanecddheindaerrtyho.etaSrtpyeoasemsnibgpiilonitweieetsrhacotofuctlohduenldostwteuabrmneaaepnpsghliianefdet d Cengage d product.
Great Britain had surged ahead in the production of cheap tospinningand weaving cotton, and before long,cotton mills anhe
cotton goods using the traditional methods of the cottage using steam engines were multiplying across Britain. Because nal blis
fiu
industry. The development of the flying shuttle had sped the steam engines were fired by coal, they did not need to be yet he p
process of weaving on a loom, enabling weavers to double located near rivers; entrepreneurs now had greater flexibility ot h t
tJeaahrnmdeaibreAlseordkuHwtspprauiirgngt.hnrteeT’arshsvwiestsoa’csteapurrsospfedridaunmcnseiehnoygsraptrainjngeneninisnnygog,rfmeyapataeecrrhrnfei,qncuhete,oadnwptoeitwbvieyeesrr.,e1Rdu7inc6bth8iy-,l inhnoadltTohgehimiiecrapnclohercowtheicadbenog2ooe.f5ssltombgceiaivcltleiaionomnnt.eoproceouatdntoidlyns otaefpxprtiaalrweenpctro.otdItnuonc1t,i7ow6n0h,bicyBhrtiewtacahins- This content is nmaterial or matc
water or horse, and Samuel Crompton’s so-called mule, farmedouttocottageindustries.In1787,theBritishimported d. nt
wjwoyghearfanhrornicningsdclsy.ohh-l,lyEttoh’cisvonoietmnpcmonroeebfwtcwfiahiansceeeteiecrnaedhdv,nloeetyau,oraaspsmrprelnetywn,ocapipitbntscrohlvooiownedntfnhgeuttitrecnhehtludesoioopeowimninmntaeonet1s-ievb7nwprea8grns7efoer,rosademf-amloleorwea.neEdddttmhheeunswpdeinaCnvaiinnrtgg- 2sliino2omnvmaepilluoplieuoo—nwndwepsroeeourdfencbdioymsttowpofonacrt—oteertndtoio.nnwB;lyamBrgtrohietsiatsminotii’flmslistm.ew,Bomyassto1si8smpt4u0pcn,oofrtouttnoallnnymti3apn6crd6houidnmsutericslyt-, arning. All Rights Reservehis page will contain curre
per, at least until the mid-1820s. After Lee t
that, they were gradually replaced by the age ante
npa1i0oen0ww;,0em0rth0aleociynhoimn1n8esus3.im3n,Inbaoenp1rd8eed1r2a3t5,i01ot,4hn0,e01ri05ne0bwGyerine1rea8t5120B8,.42r0Ii0tn0-, ource,NY 4© 201 Cengdoes not guar
es
the 1820s, there were still 250,000 hand- ArtR
loom weavers in Britain; by 1860, only P/
HI
3,000wereleft. d//
or
The water frame, Crompton’s mule, Oxf
andpowerloomspresentednewopportu- chive,
nitiestoentrepreneurs.Itwasmuchmore Ar
e
c
efficient tobring workers to the machines en
ci
andorganizetheirlaborcollectivelyinfac- dS
or
tories located next to rivers and streams, Oxf
the sources of power for many of these
ABoultonandWattSteamEngine.Encouragedbyhisbusinesspartner,MatthewBoulton,
early machines, than to leave the workers
JamesWattdevelopedthefirstgenuinesteamengine.PicturedhereisatypicalBoultonand
dispersedintheircottages.Theconcentra- Wattengine.Steampressureinthecylinderontheleftdrivesthebeamupwardandsetsthe
tion of labor in the new factories also flywheelinmotion.
TheIndustrialRevolutioninGreatBritain n 599
employees worked in factories. The cheapest labor in India Thedevelopmentoftheironindustrywasinmanywaysa
could not compete in quality or quantity with Britain. British responsetothedemandforthenewmachines.Thehigh-qual-
cotton goods sold everywhere in the world. And in Britain ity wrought iron produced by the Cort process made it the
itself, cheap cotton cloth made it possible for millions of poor most widely used metal until the production of cheaper steel
peopletowearundergarments,longaluxuryoftherich,who in the 1860s. The growing supply of less costly metal encour-
couldaffordexpensivelinencloth.Cottonclothingwastough, agedtheuseofmachineryinotherindustries,mostnoticeably
comfortable,cheap,andeasilywashable. innewmeansoftransportation.
Thesteamengineprovedindispensable.Unlikehorses,the
steamenginewasatirelesssourceofpoweranddependedfor A REVOLUTION IN TRANSPORTATION The eighteenth cen-
tury had witnessed an expansion of transportation facilities in
fuelonasubstance—coal—thatseemedunlimitedinquantity.
Britain as entrepreneurs realized the need for more efficient
The popular saying that ‘‘steam is an Englishman’’ had real
significance by 1850. Thesuccess of thesteam engine ledto a means of moving resources and goods. Turnpike trusts con-
structednewroads,andbetween1760and1830,anetworkof
need for more coal and an expansion in coal production;
canals was built. But both roads and canals were soon over-
between 1815 and 1850, the output of coal quadrupled. In
turn, new processes using coal furthered the development of taken by a new form of transportation that dazzled people
with its promise. To many economic historians, railroads
theironindustry.
were the ‘‘most important single factor in promoting Euro-
g
nin THEIRONINDUSTRY TheBritishironindustrywasradically pean economic progress in the 1830s and 1840s.’’ Again, Brit-
ar transformed during the Industrial Revolution. Britain had ainwastheleaderintherevolution.
e
L
Cengage product. ltcaehreagnnetghdedecpelointsttilutesrysoi,nfctiehroetnheboaMrseiic,dbdpulertoAacetgsetshseaonfbdepgsrtionildnluidncegipneognfditrehodenheeihgaahvd-- mwhaTneryheeassmraeailalwlrlhayyansadsgco1at5rt0st0hfiealilrneddstwainrittBhinrcitomisahlinwicnoegraelopmpueisnrhaetesidoanafstloeirnng1G6p0ea0rr--,
d d
ne ily on charcoal. In the early eighteenth century, new meth- allel wooden rails. The rails reduced friction, enabling horses
ah
nal blis ods of smelting iron ore to produce cast iron were devised, to haul more substantial loads. By 1700, some entrepreneurs
fiu
yet he p based on the use of coke or ‘‘courke’’ that was made by began to replace wooden rails with cast-iron rails, and by the
ot h t slowlyburningcoal.Cokecouldheatironoreatafasterrate early nineteenth century, railways—still dependent on horse-
ontent is nal or matc tqChuoaarnltitdcyheovarfecliooropalne,dwthaauspsrnoyociteeplsdsoisncsagilblehlediguphnuetrdildatlmhineog1ui7nn8ts0w.sh,Siwtcihlhl,ecnoakHbeeewtntreaysr pttrroiacwntssef.ro—TrmhweaetdiroeenvceoolofmpthmmeoernnatiliwonfaBythsr.ietisshteammineinngginaendleidndtousatriraalddicias-l
This cmateri used to burn away impurities in pig iron (the product of In 1804, Richard Trevithick (TREV-uh-thik) pioneered the
d. nt smeltingironorewithcoke)toproduceanironofhighqual- first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in
arning. All Rights Reservehis page will contain curre ibAB71cto08oyr,5minb0t2cao0ba,ico0nilaonlmeltnempoddtrneto.owhsnsd;ettru,nbo3cyuweemgdntahhissleu1tli7meoi1,drn08ao04lintl00neo.san,ttbWsohml,neermsooBaruooenrrgfidetthihistrtaahhobinarnlione;r2noit,nmnthoweiitlnhliwritdeeohiusntth1sitt7sotsrot8fyan0l.ntosshdw;,Ienaaeswnlrt1mdr7ocao4raibnl0srdyt-,. saertwphoitnuoeaugbr5rtti,elnhitmcaeehbnsrreiundlaebiillsluotWiw.tciplaoGtaweymlbreeaoylsosih.rntGogiieInvuet,eeropwtsS.hruthgBefeloielipecerrhthdStwetethone1roepps0rolehkofintnescor’enhossndsotmsoRpminoonosctfoakii1vdnnoe8etedr3sNrew0nh,seaaiowsernsoaxdsciuntolaewssnsnefetaodldvpeylielr-nsoouongnwpvtinyoe3etd2nhdpB-e.emsTruioTfityippalrnheielsneeest-
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RailroadLinefromLiverpooltoManchester.TherailroadlinefromLiverpooltoManchester,
openedin1830,reliedonsteamlocomotives.Asisevidentinthisillustration,carryingpassengerswasthe
railroad’smainbusiness.First-classpassengersrodeincoveredcars;second-andthird-classpassengers,in
opencars.
600 n CHAPTER20 TheIndustrialRevolutionandItsImpactonEuropeanSociety
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from Liverpool to Manchester. Rocket sped along at 16 miles and iron furthered the growth of those industries. British su-
per hour. Within twenty years, locomotives had reached 50 premacy in civil and mechanical engineering, so evident after
miles per hour, an incredible speed to contemporary passen- 1840, was in large part based on the skills acquired in railway
gers. During the same period, new companies were formed building.Thehugecapitaldemandsnecessaryforrailwaycon-
to build additional railroads as the infant industry proved suc- struction encouraged a whole new group of middle-class
cessful financially as well as technically. In 1840, Britain had investors to invest their money in joint-stock companies (see
almost 2,000 miles of railroads; by 1850, 6,000 miles of rail- ‘‘Industrialization on the Continent’’ later in this chapter).
roadtrackcrisscrossedmuchofthecountry(seeMap20.1). Railway construction created new job opportunities, espe-
The railroad contributed significantly to the maturing of cially for farm laborers and peasants, who had long been ac-
the Industrial Revolution. The railroad’s demands for coal customed to finding work outside their local villages.Perhaps
most important, a cheaper and faster means of transportation
had a rippling effect on the growth of an industrial economy.
By reducing the price of goods, larger markets were created;
0 50 100 150 Kilometers increased sales necessitated more factories and more machin-
0 50 100 Miles ery, thereby reinforcing the self-sustaining nature of the
Industrial Revolution, which marked a fundamental break
with the traditional European economy. The great productiv- g
Glasgow North ityoftheIndustrialRevolutionenabledentrepreneurstorein- nin
Sea vest their profits in new capital equipment, further expanding ear
L
SCOTLAND trfuhapneiddpa,rmoseedlnuf-tcsatulivsctehaaincraianpcgtaecreiitcsyotincoofomfthitcheegerncoeowwntohinmdcyau.mstCreioatnloteicbnoeunosouemse,ny.eavsena Cengage product.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne d d
The railroad was the perfect symbol of this aspect of the anhe
Industrial Revolution. The ability totransport goods and peo- nal blis
fiu
Bradford ple at dramatic speeds also provided visible confirmation of a yet he p
Cotton and woolen textiles Leeds new sense of power. When railway engineers penetrated ot h t
nc
MIroanchinery Liverpool Manchester ShIHerfaofirnedldware mionvgoeurbnnrtaiadtiungresesw,nicotohtnftetueltnmbnpeeoflosraraernieidnssWepxaepnsentreeirednncccheivadislmiazastsiweonnist.he borfeaptohwtaekr- This content is material or mat
Birmingham THE INDUSTRIAL FACTORY Initially the product of the cot- d. nt
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IronWALES BristoIMPlrEooatNnctehGriynLeAMCryoNancDshuinmeerryL goonoddons tiftEpnroormognromyFdp,irlulnaoottcbdmhhytouieeeorsrtinsaltrfasryohbtt,triibuserteaterhtgndhweiw’enswefnarasonseichnretoskngowipe,ormryttsmaphbnvlweyaediechcfphwaaotahimceninteddeoeosrwp.yatlehosaaAegnssjysegaucssneshttrttethi’oemseoafwrcumwldonanetoreetmgartadhkengaretpesnhlmadweotcoefaomedcortehkhrsaagihennauinefnsfntesaeiio.wzctdf--. arning. All Rights Reservhis page will contain curr
Tin and type of discipline from its employees. Factory owners could Lee t
copper mining not afford to let their expensive machinery stand idle. Work- age ante
Cpeitoiepsle w airteh loavbeerl e1d0.0,000 ethrsewmearcehifnoerscepdrotoduwcionrgkartegausltaeradhyouprascaenfdorinmsahxifimtsutmo koeuetp- 41 Cengnot guar
Towns with over 20,000 put. This represented a massive adjustment for early factory © 20does
people are shown: laborers.
Exposed coalfields 50,000 Preindustrial workerswerenotaccustomed toatimedfor-
g
arnin Industrial areas 400,000 mat. Agricultural laborers had always kept irregular hours;
Le hectic work at harvest time might be followed by weeks of
age Principal railroads 2,400,000 inactivity. Even in the burgeoning cottage industry of the
g
Cen eighteenth century, weavers and spinners who worked at
ª
home might fulfill their weekly quotas by working around
MAP20.1 TheIndustrialRevolutioninBritainby1850.The the clock for two or three days and then proceeding at a lei-
IndustrialRevolutionbeganinthemid-1700s.Increasedfood
surely pace until the next week’s demands forced another
production,rapidpopulationgrowth,higherincomes,plentiful
workspurt.
capital,solidbankingandfinancialinstitutions,anabundanceof
mineralresources,andeasytransportallfurtheredtheprocess, Factory owners therefore faced a formidable task. They
makingBritaintheworld’swealthiestcountryby1850. had to create a system of time-work discipline that would
HowwelldidtherailroadsystemconnectimportantBritish accustom employees to working regular, unvarying hours
industrialareas? during which they performed a set number of tasks over and
TheIndustrialRevolutioninGreatBritain n 601
g
n
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Cengage product. mageWorks
ot yet final and h the published ARPL/HIP/TheIª
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ontent is al or mat AawnodBrkreimtreispghluolyTaererxhsotaiuslerwsFouarnkcdeterorsrcwylo.esrTeehseeunpdceeorvuverilasoigopenmd.etTonhtaiosdfj1ut8hs3te5tfoiallcautosntreryawtcihosyansntsgehemodwotshfewdirosecmliapetlinionnaesnhtdhipamtbefeontrwcweeoderntkhiwnegmorikntoers
This cmateri aBritishtextilefactory.
d. nt
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arning. All Rights Reservhis page will contain curr oscaadaaancevincdtwedoanriimbotldehoatepdagrltieain(vsrishnghraei.,rse’i’taaehatsntSheiydmuieercffobfihawgfoccoiatxweaomsnloros‘iyt.nr‘nltkyooFop,raw.amcos6ntifnoa0epkfr3crryeo)soa.sucrsrsAterueiibssdogceoluhune,rlsl.ttam,teetOwdinasounocdtnhoecreskhidnteewoeraatusserosgrlwoyehbbfeeemimrtnihenidreengefiutuhpnmstoteaeeretddiinastfaeilfnviotawsoderst wiptwinboroaldoesvrug,kiesreo,tcewrfosidsancieloasoidcsum,tirprsetislhcgeipneu,grelarsoa,onervcwaeaowndttndhtoidtrsiutknuahdicnnrtecdhigeftatsth.twshafcIiuternedelmn.ktogauAneadrnessyee.aprctharonutesiacsoitinnbausillrneaoeslBeftenwrweistaneoay,tirnhkto’ehsfrcesienlincfceeatrau.merrdlIyyet-
Lee t minutes late for work, and dismissed for more serious mis-
age ante doings, especially drunkenness. Drunkenness was viewed as Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851
41 Cengnot guar pwaorrtikceurlsaralnydoafflesonscivoeurbteecdaudsiseasittesretamabidaddaenxagmerpoluesfomraycohuinnegreyr. IInt w18as51h,otuhseedBraittisKhenosrignagntioznedinthLeonwdoornldi’ns fithrestCinrydsutsatlriPaallfaacier,.
20es Employers found that dismissals and fines worked well for anenormous structure madeentirely of glass and iron,a trib-
© do
adultemployees;inatimewhengreatpopulationgrowthhad utetoBritishengineeringskills.Covering19acres,theCrystal
led to large numbers of unskilled workers, dismissal could be Palace contained 100,000 exhibits that displayed the wide
disastrous. Children were less likely to understand the impli- variety of products created by the Industrial Revolution. Six
cationsofdismissal,sotheyweresometimesdisciplinedmore million people visited the fair in six months. Though most of
directly—bybeating. them were Britons who had traveled to London by train,
The efforts of factory owners in the early Industrial Revo- foreign visitors were also prominent. The Great Exhibition
lution to impose a new set of values were frequently rein- displayed Britain’s wealth to the world; it was a gigantic
forced by the new evangelical churches. Methodism, in demonstration of British success. Even trees were brought
particular, emphasized that people ‘‘reborn in Jesus’’ must inside the Crystal Palace as a visible symbol of how the
forgo immoderation and follow a disciplined path. Laziness Industrial Revolution had achieved human domination over
andwastefulhabitsweresinful.Theacceptanceofhardshipin nature. Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s husband, expressed
this life paved the way for the joys of the next. Evangelical thesentimentsoftheagewhenhedescribedtheexhibition as
values paralleled the efforts of the new factory owners to asignthat‘‘manisapproachingamorecompletefulfillmentof
instill laborers with their own middle-class values of hard that great and sacred mission which he has to perform in
602 n CHAPTER20 TheIndustrialRevolutionandItsImpactonEuropeanSociety
Not For Sale
Not For Sale
Discipline in the New Factories
WORKERSINTHENEWFACTORIESOFTHEIndustrialRevolution idlingbyanofficialoroverseer,andrefusedtoobey
hadbeenaccustomedtoalifestylefreeofoverseers. theirordertoresumework....
Unlikethecottages,whereworkersspunthreadand 6. Noworkermayleavehisplaceofworkotherwisethan
woveclothintheirownrhythmandtime,thefactories forreasonsconnectedwithhiswork.
demandedanew,rigorousdisciplinegearedtothe 7. Allconversationwithfellow-workersisprohibited;if
requirementsofthemachines.Thisselectionistakenfroma anyworkerrequiresinformationabouthiswork,he
setofrulesforafactoryinBerlinin1844.Theyweretypicalof mustturntotheoverseer,ortotheparticularfellow-
companyruleseverywherethefactorysystemhadbeen workerdesignatedforthepurpose.
established. 8. Smokingintheworkshopsorintheyardisprohibited
duringworkinghours;anyonecaughtsmokingshallbe
Factory Rules, Foundry and Engineering Works
finedfivesilvergroschenforthesickfundforevery
of the Royal Overseas Trading Company, Berlin suchoffense....
10. Naturalfunctionsmustbeperformedattheappropriate
Ineverylargeworks,andintheco-ordinationofanylarge
places,andwhoeverisfoundsoilingwalls,fences,
numberofworkmen,goodorderandharmonymustbe g
lookeduponasthefundamentalsofsuccess,andthereforethe squares,etc.,andsimilarly,whoeverisfoundwashing nin
hisfaceandhandsintheworkshopandnotinthe ar
followingrulesshallbestrictlyobserved. e
L
1. pTrheecinseolrymaanldweonrdksi,nagftdearythbeeguisnusaaltbarlelaskeaosfohnaslfatan6Ah.oMu.r 12. Ipgtrlaogcsoeceshseawnssiiftgohnroeutdhtefsoasryicitknhgefutpnhudart.p.ao.lsl.eo,vsehraslelebresafinndedoffifivceiaslsilvoefr Cengage product.
forbreakfast,anhourfordinnerandhalfanhourfor thefirmshallbeobeyedwithoutquestion,andshallbe and hed
tea,at7P.M.anditshallbestrictlyobserved.... treatedwithduedeference.Disobediencewillbe nal blis
Wwaogrekse;rwsharoreivvienrgis2mmoinreuttehsanlat2emshinaulltleosselathealmfaanyhnooutr’s 13. Ipmunmisehdeidatebydidsimsmisissaslasl.hallalsobethefateofanyone ot yet fih the pu
slcotoasrrertehwcitsotwrimkaugeenssthiulalnalfttbielerthstehetnetl.enAdenxbtyybdtrihespeakuc;tleooscrkaabtmoleuoautsntthtseehdall 14. Efaonvuyenradyctdwsroourfnkkdmisinahnoanniseyostobyfliotghreedewmtoobrrekezspzholeormptste.on.th..iosnsuthpeerpioarrtsof ontent is nal or matc
3. Naboovweotrhkemgaant,ekweheeptehre’srleomdgpelo.y..e.dbytimeor hshisowfenlloawftewrosurkbmseeqnu.eInfthdeisocmovitesrytoodfoasmo,isadnedmietainsor d. This cnt materi
4. Rpdtgtshoiaiaceeetykpace,oeekffiwau,ventemneieetrpddhsaeo.eoyirferu.lrrtteOeeaahngmnvuadsevliiaslibhvsnrieaegoafvrnorfiirgnrrioervgsoftatgstlhrchieaevhecteeseewnennivdoht[ewpridoskeofnpnstaneahhcrmiaeetmlisleow]ilnstepososaiarodsyktnhhaitnaebofglrlleolmetoadthe tbwhHRreuaaeIglttSelaeeThskOvedeaaRunpknIenCpttoeAteHowaLcisrohTatutiHobmorrIotNibucsaKeahtsIlaiNnatEllenGavcbtiaeSdectKsehcrsIeneeLastcLrtsaye:ioimAnirneypeWd,ipanhfrahdtoesyeuprpssdrhtutiirhaadnialetiletlsihbfhzaUeeemcsdstleeeiaanwnbot.dlofertkthoe arning. All Rights Reservehis page will contain curre
dismissal.Thisshallalsoapplytothosewhoarefound settingsbutnotinruralones? Lee t
ge nte
aa
Source:FromDocumentsofEuropeanEconomicHistory,Vol.IbySidneyPollard&ColinHolmes.CopyrightªSidneyPollardandColinHolmes.ReproducedwithpermissionofPalgraveMacmillan. 4 Cengot guar
1n
this world ... to conquer nature to his use.’’ Not content with system in which ‘‘tens of thousands’’ worked for a few des- 20es
© do
that,healsolinkedBritishsuccesstodivinewill:‘‘Inpromoting pots. Moreover, these goods were examples of the ‘‘wasteful
[theprogressofthehumanrace],weareaccomplishingthewill and ridiculous excess’’ of the labor-intensive production prac-
ofthegreatandblessedGod.’’3 tices in the East, which could not compare to enlightened
In addition to demonstrating Britain’s enormous industrial Britishlaborpractices.4
growth, the Crystal Palace exhibition also represented British By the year of the Great Exhibition, Great Britain had
imperial power. Goods from India were a highlight of the ex- become the world’s first industrial nation and its wealthiest.
hibition, and the East India Company drew attention to its Britain was the ‘‘workshop, banker, and trader of the world.’’
role in India with exhibits of cotton, tea, and flax. But it was It produced one-half of the world’s coal and manufactured
thedisplayofIndiansilks,jewels,shawls,andanelephantcan- goods; its cotton industry alone in 1851 was equal in size to
opy that captured the attention of the British press and visi- the industries of all other European countries combined. The
tors. Despite the public interest in the ornate and intricate quantity of goods produced was growing at three times the
works from India, many British commentators, such as the rate in 1780. Britain’s certainty about its mission in the world
scientist William Whewell, were less complimentary. They inthenineteenthcenturywasgroundedinitsincrediblemate-
characterized the Indian handmade goods as typical of a rialsuccess.
TheIndustrialRevolutioninGreatBritain n 603
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This content is material or mat esource,NY
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age Learning. All Rights Reservantee this page will contain curr Museum,London//V&AImages,London/
4 Cengot guar &Albert
© 201does n Victoria
TheGreatExhibitionof1851.TheGreatExhibitionof1851wasasymbolofthesuccessofGreatBritain,
whichhadbecometheworld’sfirstindustrialnationanditsrichest.Morethan100,000exhibitswerehousedinthe
CrystalPalace,agiantstructureofcastironandglass.Thefirstillustrationshowsthefrontofthepalaceandsome
ofitsnumerousvisitors.Thesecondshowstheopeningdayceremonies.QueenVictoriaisseenatthecenterwith
herfamily,surroundedbyvisitorsfromallovertheworld.Notethelargetreeinsidethebuilding,providinga
visiblesymbolofhowtheIndustrialRevolutionhadsupposedlyachievedhumandominationovernature.
The Spread of Industrialization Beginning first in Great Britain, industrialization spread to the
Continental countries of Europe and the United States at dif-
FOCUSQUESTION:HowdidtheIndustrial ferenttimesandspeedsduringthenineteenthcentury.Firstto
RevolutionspreadfromGreatBritaintotheContinent be industrialized on the Continent were Belgium, France, and
andtheUnitedStates,andhowdidindustrializationin the German states; the first in North America was the new
thoseareasdifferfromBritishindustrialization? United States. Not until after 1850 did the Industrial Revolu-
tionspreadtotherestofEuropeandotherpartsoftheworld.
604 n CHAPTER20 TheIndustrialRevolutionandItsImpactonEuropeanSociety
Not For Sale
Not For Sale
Industrialization on the Continent equal if not greater importance in the long run, governments
actively bore much of the cost of building roads and canals,
In 1815, the Low Countries, France, and the German states
deepening and widening river channels, and constructing rail-
were still largely agrarian. During the eighteenth century,
roads. By 1850, a network of iron rails had spread across
some of the Continental countries had experienced develop-
Europe, although only Germany and Belgium had completed
ments similar to those of Britain. They, too, had achieved
majorpartsoftheirsystemsbythattime(seeMap20.2).
population growth, made agricultural improvements,
GovernmentsontheContinentalsousedtariffstoencour-
expanded their cottage industries, and witnessed growth in
age industrialization. After 1815, cheap British goods flooded
foreign trade. But whereas Britain’s economy began to move
Continental markets. The French responded with high tariffs
in new industrial directions in the 1770s and 1780s, Continen-
to protect their fledgling industries. The most systematic
tal countries lagged behind because they did not share some
argument forthe use of tariffs, however, was made by a Ger-
of the advantages that had made Britain’s Industrial Revolu-
man writer, Friedrich List (FREED-rikh LIST) (1789–1846),
tion possible. Lack of good roads and problems with river
who emigrated to America and returned to Germany as a
transit made transportation difficult. Toll stations on impor-
U.S. consul. In his National System of Political Economy, written
tant rivers and customs barriers along state boundaries
in 1844, List advocated a rapid and large-scale program of
increased the costs and prices of goods. Guild restrictions
industrialization as the surest path to develop a nation’s
were also more prevalent, creating impediments that pioneer
industrialistsinBritaindidnothavetoface.Finally,Continen- strength. To ensure the growth of industry, he felt that a g
n
tal entrepreneurs were generally less enterprising than their nBarittiiosnh pmoulisctyuosfefrpereotteracdtiev,ethtaerniffcsh.eIafpceoruBnrtirtiieshs gfoololodwsewdouthlde earni
British counterparts and tended to adhere to traditional busi- L
nfoerssfaamttiiltyudseecsu,rsiutychcoauspaleddiswlikitehoafncuonmwpielltiintigonne,ssathoigthakreergiasrkds itcnhouemynpdheaatteedwnaaittchihoanBnarciltemaitnaorwkgeirttohswoau.ntdGpedrreomstteracontyiyv,ienhtfeaanriitnffsisni.sdteudst,rcieosubldefnooret Cengage product.
in investment, and an excessive worship of thriftiness. Thus, d d
ne
ah
iatnhndadtuaswtsreiiratelipzsraootmcioeenewdoehdnatitndhiefefaeCrrneoennstttfinraofetmnetrB1far8ic1tea5di,ni’nts.udmidesroouaslohnugrldinleess, lCieErN,TtEhReSIOndFuCsOtrNiaTlINREeNvoTlAuLtioINnDoUnSTtRhIeALCIZoAnTtIiOneNntAoscncoutrerdedeairn- yet final he publis
three major centersbetween1815and 1850—Belgium, France, ot h t
nc
nthBiieoOcrnaRe.l;RkBOtnhuWoetwyItNlhceGoedugCTledEowCnsiaHtmisnNpienIlnQyittaiUbalElolcySroraouAwnmNtrDaBijeorPsirtRipsoAhobCsststTeaeIccsChsleEendSitqouaLineanscdkauadnsovtdrfainapttelriaczaghace--- atFganornadotndtcrsheoeblweuG,ataseslrtttmihhlleoalunCaggoshgtneatidttienswfe.anarAtsabslneilhoneitanBdadersirGtsaiirnignenat,ihtficeoBcatmrtniotatannianusp.flahaIncyeteau1vdr8ye4a9onin,fdiFcmuroastpnttorocyrne-. This content is material or mat
tices. Of course, the British tried to prevent that. Until 1825, used64,000tonsofrawcotton,Belgium,11,000,andGermany, d. nt
ee
BupBntishaenrrhoirivttttuieeiislssqsr,hha1uevn8isepaed4prrfm2eyfts,oickeseirtianatlfhnlslfteleesydwctetofwaBioxvsrpreeciarot.otelierssAntxohtlptrroibmorelfeoealeihdipncmtiyrghhbopaeibstdoneoyuridslctdic1astt8unfiao2oratbon5ntrim,m,ootthwnaahdecleae,hbrsCaleiyenvfoogweinnrlaretbegyliglnriydeieatsdohnnlaaeretdttn,iilo.laemclnneBoaagdsuutcawntBhltlttweiryrnhiry.toeee-; 2fptngmao0irocunao,tt0jmdoo0tiunrhr0icdee,gstusroiwwvasuwtvehhrrieeycotlaarerleeebwteaoosadosfrtsl.odpBtaIreoornyriwgw.t,gaeWaeueinrnrnsedieeratudharntsathdeililoeet,dsnsiCnsuc2vobh8eseneee6fsfihta,ti0cioepnn0idfeed0cnnotittGnhtaaoelmlrnteahtssaeane.tcctdehhCnaBinsmeonrcowineatlsatroei,cimngnneaey.gnanwiBcidntnhuaaeihtlttnehacaetrdehos,s.atBclttteBoohesitnlyess-- arning. All Rights Reservhis page will contain curr
dhiceasdnGfcrterooamadosufBflaoelerlcyl.ag,lBiuptymheetohpaeClned1o8lneF4tai0rnrasnen,encndteewaawlclehgtriheeenevesesprdkariteliltaosednctishhnnegoiofrtlhosBkegriiiilrctleiaskdlhniomtnewdeaelccephhdeaegnnres-- ttnhueerniTntmhgaiedsny-dd1se8teiv4nme0lsBo,oprBnimteatlheignneiutCdmoiofffnhetcarioedndtettnohitnen. mmtwoaosntusmfiagocntdiufierrcinnangctootwtnoantyh-sme.aUCnnuolfniaktcie-- 41 Cengage Lenot guarantee t
east and south, playing the same role that the British had ear- Britain, where cotton manufacturing was mostly centered in © 20does
lier. Even more important, Continental countries, especially Lancashire (in northwestern England) and the Glasgow area
Franceand theGermanstates,begantoestablisha widerange of Scotland, cotton mills in France, Germany, and, to a lesser
oftechnicalschoolstotrainengineersandmechanics. degree, Belgium were dispersed throughout many regions.
Noticeable, too, was the mixture of old and new. The old
ROLEOFGOVERNMENT Thatgovernmentplayedanimpor- techniques of the cottage system, such as the use of hand
tant role in this regard brings us to another difference looms, held on much longer. In the French district of Nor-
between British and Continental industrialization. Govern- mandy, for example, in 1849, eighty-three mills were still
ments in most of the Continental countries were accustomed drivenbyhandoranimalpower.
to playing a significant role in economic affairs. Furthering As traditional methods persisted alongside the new meth-
the development of industrialization was a logical extension ods in cotton manufacturing, the new steam engine came to
ofthatattitude.Hence,governmentsprovidedforthecostsof be used primarily in mining and metallurgy on the Continent
technical education, awarded grants to inventors and foreign rather than in textile manufacturing. At first, almost all of the
entrepreneurs, exempted foreign industrial equipment from steam engines on the Continent came from Britain; not until
import duties, and in some places even financed factories. Of the1820swasadomesticmachineindustrydeveloped.
TheSpreadofIndustrialization n 605